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111 results for “parasite resistance”
Impacts of Food Limitation on Resistance of <i>Bombus impatiens</i> (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Gut Parasite <i>Crithidiai</i> (Trypanosomatida: Trypansomatidae)
<p>Data and R scripts for Conroy et al. experiment testing effects of nectar and pollen limitation on parasite load and survival of bumble bees (Bombus impatiens) infected with Crithidia</p>
Fig. 1 in Parasitism rate of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) in the presence of an alternative, resistant host
Fig. 1. (A) Proportion of M. persicae parasitized by D. rapae in plants with resistant or susceptible L. pseudobrassicae populations. (B) Proportion of resistant or susceptible L. pseudobrassicae parasitized by D. rapae in plants with M. persicae.
Fig. 2 in Parasitism rate of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) in the presence of an alternative, resistant host
Fig. 2. Relationship between the absolute number of L. pseudobrassicae parasitized by D. rapae and the percentage of parasitism on M. persicae. Each symbol represents a different plant.
Fig. 3 in Parasitism rate of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) by Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) in the presence of an alternative, resistant host
Fig. 3. (A) Relative growth rates of M. persicae and resistant L. pseudobrassicae populations. (B) Relative growth rates of M. persicae and susceptible L. pseudobrassicae populations.
Data and Code for: Resistance is futile: Weaker selection for resistance by abundant parasites increases prevalence and depresses host density
<p>We model host evolution of costly resistance to infection and its dependence on environmental factors, such as nutrients. We find that higher nutrients can increase infection prevalence AND select for lower resistance. In turn, the model predicts that lower resistance drives infection prevalence even higher while depressing host density. The attached code performs the model analysis, produces the published figures, and conducts statistical analysis on the data (described below). We conducted a mesocosm experiment with mixtures of zooplankton host (<em>Daphnia dentifera</em>) genotypes, algal resources (<em>Ankistrodesmus falcatus</em>), and fungal parasites (<em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata</em>). Mesocosm populations were supplied with low or high nutrients (5 or 50 ug/L phosphorus and 100 or 1000 ug/L nitrogen). We measured densities of hosts along with age class (juvenile or adult), sex, infections status, and egg number and chlorophyll densities; these data are a subset of data published previously Walsman et al. <em>Functional Ecology </em>(<a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14030">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.14030</a>; data at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mw6m905zg">https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mw6m905zg</a>). For the first time, we also report genotype frequencies for the mixed genotype treatments. Importantly, we found that high nutrients increased infection prevalence as well as selecting for the host genotype less resistant to infection; the resulting host evolution increased infection prevalence further and depressed host density. These data and code may be reused with citation of the corresponding publication ("'Resistance is futile': Weaker selection for resistance by abundant parasites increases prevalence and depresses host density" in <em>The American Naturalist</em>).</p>
Diet can alter the cost of resistance to a natural parasite in Caenorhabditis elegans
<p>Resistance to parasites confers a fitness advantage, yet hosts show substantial variation in resistance in natural populations. Evolutionary theory indicates that resistant and susceptible genotypes can coexist if resistance is costly, but there is mixed evidence that resistant individuals have lower fitness in the absence of parasites. One explanation for this discrepancy is that the cost of resistance varies with environmental context. We tested this hypothesis using Caenorhabditis elegans and its natural microsporidian parasite, Nematocida ironsii. We used multiple metrics to compare the fitness of two near-isogenic host genotypes differing at regions associated with resistance to N. ironsii. To quantify the effect of the environment on the cost associated with these known resistance regions, we measured fitness on three microbial diets. We found that the cost of resistance varied with both diet and the measure of fitness. We detected no cost to resistance, irrespective of diet, when fitness was measured as fecundity. However, we detected a cost when fitness was measured in terms of population growth, and the magnitude of this cost varied with diet. These results provide a proof-of-concept that, by mediating the cost of resistance, environmental context may govern the rate and nature of resistance evolution in heterogeneous environments.</p>
Convergent evolution of artemisinin and chloroquine resistance in Ethiopian Plasmodium falciparum parasites
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Diet can alter the cost of resistance to a natural parasite in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Data and Code for: Resistance is futile: Weaker selection for resistance by abundant parasites increases prevalence and depresses host density
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Resistance and tolerance to imperfectly specialized parasites: Milkweed butterflies and their protozoan parasites
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Data from: Resistance to gapeworm parasite has both additive and dominant genetic components in house sparrows, with evolutionary consequences for ability to respond to parasite challenge
<p>Host parasite relationships are likely to change over the coming decades in response to climate change and increased anthropogenic stressors. Understanding the genetic architecture of parasite resistance will aid prediction of species' responses to intensified parasite challenge. The gapeworm "Syngamus trachea" is prevalent in natural bird populations and causes symptomatic infections ranging from mild to severe. The parasite may affect ecological processes by curtailing bird populations and is important due to its propensity to spread to commercially farmed birds. Our large scale dataset on an insular house sparrow metapopulation in northern Norway includes information on gapeworm prevalence and infection intensity, allowing assessment of the genetics of parasite resistance in a natural system. To determine whether parasite resistance has a heritable genetic component, we performed variance component analyses using animal models. Resistance to gapeworm had substantial additive genetic and dominance variance, and genome wide association studies to identify SNPs associated with gapeworm resistance yielded multiple loci linked to immune function. Together with genome partitioning results, this indicates that resistance to gapeworm is under polygenic control in the house sparrow, and likely in other bird species. Hence, our results provide the foundation needed to study any eco-evolutionary processes related to gapeworm infection, and show that it is necessary to use methods suitable for polygenic and non-additive genetic effects on the phenotype.</p>
Data from: The size, symmetry, and color saturation of a male guppy's ornaments forecast his resistance to parasites
Sexually selected ornaments range from highly dynamic traits to those that are fixed during development and relatively static throughout sexual maturity. Ornaments along this continuum differ in the information they provide about the qualities of potential mates, such as their parasite resistance. Dynamic ornaments enable real-time assessment of the bearer's condition: they can reflect an individual's current infection status, or resistance to recent infections. Static ornaments, however, are not affected by recent infection but may instead indicate an individual's genetically-determined resistance, even in the absence of infection. Given the typically aggregated distribution of parasites among hosts, infection is unlikely to affect the ornaments of the vast majority of individuals in a population: static ornaments may therefore be the more reliable indicators of parasite resistance. To test this hypothesis, we quantified the ornaments of male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, before experimentally infecting them with Gyrodactylus turnbulli. Males with more left-right symmetrical black coloration and those with larger areas of orange coloration, both static ornaments, were more resistant. However, males with more saturated orange coloration, a dynamic ornament, were less resistant. Female guppies often prefer symmetrical males with larger orange ornaments, suggesting parasite-mediated natural and sexual selection act in concert on these traits.
A root-specific NLR network confers resistance to plant parasitic nematodes - genomic sequences and annotations
<p>Sequence and annotation data associated with "A root-specific NLR network confers resistance to plant parasitic nematodes"</p>
Data from: Parasitic fish embryos do a 'front-flip' on the yolk to resist expulsion from the host
<p><span>Bitterlings are brood parasitic fish which complete their early development in the internal gill spaces of freshwater mussels. Bitterling embryos have wing-like yolk sac extensions that help prevent them from being expelled from the gills by the water flow</span><span>. The ability to resist expulsion may be helped by the consistent 'head-down' position that all embryos adopt in the gills</span><span>. The mechanism behind this positioning is unknown. We hypothesise here that it might lie in a process of unknown function, specific to bitterlings. That process is <em>blastokinesis</em> — the rotation of the embryo on the yolk ball before hatching</span><span>. </span>We used time-lapse imaging, histology, X-ray tomography, and expression profiling of the genes <em>fgf8a</em>,<em> krt8</em>,<em> msx3 </em>and <em>ctslb</em> by <em><span>in situ</span></em><span> hybridization in the </span>pre-hatching and hatching stages of the rosy bitterling (<em>Rhodeus ocellatus</em>). We find <span>that blastokinesis is a gastrulation process that has been ventralized by the shape of the yolk mass. Furthermore, we show that bitterlings, unlike other teleosts, hatch mechanically without hatching enzymes, and we provide evidence that this is mediated instead by the apical tubercles on the yolk sac extension. Finally, our data suggest that blastokinesis is functional, because it represents the mechanism behind the optimal, 'head-down' positioning of the embryo. Our study provides an example of how selection pressures can lead to a suite of dramatic and coordinated modifications of early development.</span></p>
Population-level variation in parasite resistance due to differences in immune initiation and rate of response
<p>Closely related populations often differ in resistance to a given parasite, as measured by infection success or failure. Yet, the immunological mechanisms of these evolved differences are rarely specified. Does resistance evolve via changes to the host's ability to recognize that an infection exists, actuate an effective immune response, or attenuate that response? We tested whether each of these phases of the host response contributed to threespine sticklebacks' recently evolved resistance to their tapeworm <i>Schistocephalus solidus. </i>While marine stickleback and some susceptible lake fish permit fast-growing tapeworms, other lake populations are resistant and suppress tapeworm growth via a fibrosis response. We subjected lab-raised fish from three populations (susceptible marine 'ancestors', a susceptible lake population, a resistant lake population), to a novel immune challenge using an injection of: 1) a saline control, 2) alum, a generalized pro-inflammatory adjuvant that causes fibrosis, 3) a tapeworm protein extract, or 4) a combination of alum and tapeworm protein). With enough time, all three populations generated a robust fibrosis response to the alum treatments. Yet, only the resistant population exhibited a fibrosis response to the tapeworm protein alone. Thus, these populations differed in their ability to respond to the tapeworm protein but shared an intact fibrosis pathway. The resistant population also initiated fibrosis faster in response to alum, and was able to attenuate fibrosis, unlike the susceptible populations' slow but longer-lasting response to alum. As fibrosis has pathological side-effects that reduce fecundity, the faster recovery by the resistant population may reflect an adaptation to mitigate the costs of immunity. Broadly, our results confirm that parasite detection and immune initiation, activation speed, and immune attenuation simultaneously contribute to the evolution of parasite resistance and adaptations to infection in natural populations.</p>
Parasite resistance and parasite tolerance: insights into transgenerational immune priming in an invertebrate host
<p>Parasites impose different selection regimes on their hosts, which respond by increasing their resistance and/or tolerance. Parental challenge with parasites can enhance the immune response of their offspring, a phenomenon documented in invertebrates and termed transgenerational immune priming. We exposed two parental generations of the model organism <em>Daphnia magna</em> to the horizontally-transmitted parasitic yeast <em>Metschnikowia bicuspidata</em>, and recorded resistance- and tolerance-related traits in the offspring generation. We hypothesized that parentally-primed offspring will increase either their resistance or their tolerance to the parasite. Our susceptibility assays revealed no impact of parental exposure on offspring resistance. Nonetheless, different fitness-related traits, which are indicative of tolerance, were altered. Specifically, maternal priming increased offspring production and decreased survival. Grandmaternal priming positively affected age at first reproduction and negatively affected brood size at first reproduction. Interestingly, both maternal and grandmaternal priming significantly reduced within-host parasite proliferation. Nevertheless, <em>Daphnia </em>primed for two consecutive generations had no competitive advantage in comparison to unprimed ones, implying additive maternal and grandmaternal effects. Our findings do not support evidence of transgenerational immune priming from bacterial infections in the same host species, thus emphasizing that transgenerational immune responses may not be consistent even within the same host species.</p>
Vindas et al. Brain-infecting parasites leave lasting effects on behaviour even in resistant hosts
<p><span>Parasites can have profound effects on intra- and inter-specific interactions at the population and community levels through their influence on host behaviour, physiology, and fitness. While host phenotypic changes are typically thought of in terms of established infections, parasite encounters may be sufficient to induce behavioural changes, even when no viable infections are established. Here, we use the Japanese rice fish medaka Oryzias latipes and the brain-infecting microsporidan parasite Pseudoloma neurophilia to</span><span> understand how parasite resistance influences behaviour. Although a previous study suggested that medaka are a suitable host for P. neurophilia, an eight-week parasite exposure regime resulted in no detectable infection in our study. Both parasite-exposed and control (no parasite exposure) medaka were tested in behavioural assays that assessed boldness, activity, and sociality. We detected considerable changes in medaka behaviour following parasite exposure, with parasite-exposed fish being more active, less bold, and more social when compared to control fish.</span><span> These data indicate that parasite encounters may induce behavioural alterations even in non-susceptible hosts.</span> <span>In addition to established infection, individual differences in parasite exposure must also be considered in studies of host responses across ecological scales.</span></p>
Defensive symbiosis in the wild: seasonal dynamics of parasitism risk and symbiont-conferred resistance
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Parasite-mediated selection can rapidly drive up resistance levels in host populations, but fixation of resistance traits may be prevented by costs of resistance. Black bean aphids (<em>Aphis fabae</em>) benefit from increased resistance to parasitoids when carrying the defensive bacterial endosymbiont <em>Hamiltonella defensa</em>. However, due to fitness costs that come with symbiont infection, symbiont-conferred resistance may result in either a net benefit or a net cost to the aphid host, depending on parasitoid presence as well as on the general ecological context. Balancing selection may therefore explain why in natural aphid populations, <em>H. defensa</em> is often found at intermediate frequencies.<strong> </strong>Here we present a two-year field study where we set out to look for signatures of balancing selection in natural aphid populations. We collected temporally well-resolved data on the prevalence of <em>H. defensa</em> in <em>A.f. fabae</em> and estimated the risk imposed by parasitoids using sentinel hosts.<strong> </strong>Despite a marked and consistent early-summer peak in parasitism risk and significant changes in symbiont prevalence over time, we found just a weak correlation between parasitism risk and <em>H. defensa </em>frequency dynamics. <em>H. defensa </em>prevalence in the populations under study was, in fact, better explained by the number of heat days that previous aphid generations were exposed to.<strong> </strong>Our study grants an unprecedentedly well-resolved insight into the dynamics of endosymbiont and parasitoid communities of <em>A.f. fabae </em>populations, and it adds to a growing body of empirical evidence suggesting that not only parasitism risk but rather multifarious selection is shaping <em>H. defensa</em> prevalence in the wild.</span></p>
Population-level variation in parasite resistance due to differences in immune initiation and rate of response
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Defensive symbiosis in the wild: seasonal dynamics of parasitism risk and symbiont-conferred resistance
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