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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Figs 9–13 in Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

Figs 9–13. Gallancyra dentata (Sugimoto, 1934) gen. et comb. nov. ex Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) (NHMUK010682393). 9. Male head, dorsal and ventral views. 10. Female antenna, ventral view. 11. Male genitalia, dorsal view. 12. Male paramere, dorsal view. 13. Male mesosome, ventral view. Female antenna at same scale as male head. Abbreviations: ads = anterior dorsal seta; as2 = anterior seta 2; pst1–2 = parameral setae 1–2. All genitalic component drawn at same scale.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in Gallancyra gen. nov. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera), with an overview of the geographical distribution of chewing lice parasitizing chicken

Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of four species of ischnoceran chewing lice parasitizing wild and domestic chicken (Gallus spp.). Each circle is divided into four sectors, representing the four louse species: upper left = Lipeurus caponis (Linnaeus, 1758); upper right = Lipeurus tropicalis Peters, 1931; lower left = Cuclotogaster heterographus (Nitzsch, 1866); lower right = Lagopoecus sinensis (Sugimoto, 1930). Black sectors indicate that this louse species is known from this country, whereas hollow sectors indicate that we have found no published records of this species in this country. Presence of the four species of chewing lice in a country is based on the reports summarized in Table 1.

Fig. 4 in Prevalence and diversity of parasitic bird lice (Insecta: Psocodea) in northeast Arkansas

Fig. 4. Phylogeny of lice in the genera Myrsidea (a) and Brueelia (b) based on a concatenated alignment of cox1 and EF1-α sequences. Bootstrap values are located above the associated branches. Only values>50% are shown. Novel samples are labeled with the host species name followed by a 7-digit extraction code. All other ingroup samples were obtained from NCBI GenBank and are labeled with host species names. Outgroups are labeled with genus of louse followed by host species.

Fig. 3 in Prevalence and diversity of parasitic bird lice (Insecta: Psocodea) in northeast Arkansas

Fig. 3. Prevalence of lice, prevalence of mites, and co-occurrence of lice and mites recovered from different families of birds. Parentheses next to family names indicate sample sizes and lines on the bar plots indicate standard error. Significant p-values for chi-square and Fisher's exact tests are indicated by the asterisk to the left of family names.

Fig. 2 in Prevalence and diversity of parasitic bird lice (Insecta: Psocodea) in northeast Arkansas

Fig. 2. Prevalence, mean intensity, and mean abundance among lice from hosts in the family Turdidae (a) and Parulidae (b). Lines on the bar plots indicate 95% confidence intervals. Parentheses next to species names indicate sample sizes. Phylogenies are cladograms generated from distributions of trees from birdtree.org.

Fig. 1 in Prevalence and diversity of parasitic bird lice (Insecta: Psocodea) in northeast Arkansas

Fig. 1. The diversity of louse genera collected from 28 families of birds. Colors associated with each louse genus are indicated in the right-side legend. The numerical values indicate percentages. The sample size is indicated by the parenthesize to the right of genus names. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2020View details →

Parasites under pressure: salmon lice may adapt to depth-based preventions in aquaculture

Experiment 1. Vertical distribution of copepodids (mixed family groups) in 80 cm columns over time (min) at two pressures. Experiment 2. Vertical distribution of copepodids (individual families) in 80 cm columns at three pressures. Experiment 2 (traits). For each family: body size, egg string length, estimated fecundity and estimated egg size of mother; development times and column distributions (i.e. proportion of copepodids at top of columns) of offspring.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Data from: Lousy grouse: comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host-parasite interactions

Understanding both sides of host-parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host-parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same groups of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double digest restriction associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Data from: Structure, gene order, and nucleotide composition of mitochondrial genomes in parasitic lice from Amblycera

Parasitic lice have unique mitochondrial (mt) genomes characterized by rearranged gene orders, variable genome structures, and less AT content compared to most other insects. However, relatively little is known about the mt genomes of Amblycera, the suborder sister to all other parasitic lice. Comparing among nine different genera (including representative of all seven families), we show that Amblycera have variable and highly rearranged mt genomes. Some genera have fragmented genomes that vary considerably in length, whereas others have a single mt chromosome. Notably, these genomes are more AT-biased than most other lice. We also recover genus-level phylogenetic relationships among Amblycera that are consistent with those reported from large nuclear datasets, indicating that mt sequences are reliable for reconstructing evolutionary relationships in Amblycera. However, gene order data cannot reliably recover these same relationships. Overall, our results suggest that the mt genomes of lice, already know to be distinctive, are even more variable than previously thought.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Independent evolution of highly variable, fragmented mitogenomes of parasitic lice

The mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of bilaterian animals are highly conserved structures that usually consist of a single circular chromosome. However, several species of parasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) possess fragmented mitogenomes, where the mitochondrial genes are present on separate, circular chromosomes. Nevertheless, the extent, causes, and consequences of this structural variation remain poorly understood. Here, we combined new and existing data to better understand the evolution of mitogenome fragmentation in major groups of parasitic lice. We found strong evidence that fragmented mitogenomes evolved many times within parasitic lice and that the level of fragmentation is highly variable, including examples of heteroplasmic arrangements. We also found a significant association between mitochondrial fragmentation and signatures of relaxed selection. Mitochondrial fragmentation was also associated with changes to a lower AT%, possibly due to differences in mutation biases. Together, our results provide a significant advance in understanding the process of mitogenome fragmentation and provide an important perspective on mitochondrial evolution in eukaryotes.

opencc-zeroJul 2024View details →

Biogeographic history of pigeons and doves drives the origin and diversification of their parasitic body lice

Despite their extensive diversity and ecological importance, the history of diversification for most groups of parasitic organisms remains relatively understudied. Elucidating broad macroevolutionary patterns of parasites is challenging, often limited by the availability of samples, genetic resources, and knowledge about ecological relationships with their hosts. In this study, we explore the macroevolutionary history of parasites by focusing on parasitic body lice from doves. Building on extensive knowledge of ecological relationships and previous phylogenomic studies of their avian hosts, we tested specific questions about the evolutionary origins of the body lice of doves, leveraging whole genome data sets for phylogenomics. Specifically, we sequenced whole genomes from 68 samples of dove body lice, including representatives of all body louse genera from 51 host taxa. From these data, we assembled >2,300 nuclear genes to estimate dated phylogenetic relationships among body lice and several outgroup taxa. The resulting phylogeny of body lice was well supported, although some branches had conflicting signal across the genome. We then reconstructed ancestral biogeographic ranges of body lice and compared the body louse phylogeny to phylogeny of doves, and also to a previously published phylogeny of the wing lice of doves. Divergence estimates placed the origin of body lice in the late Oligocene. Body lice likely originated in Australasia and dispersed with their hosts during the early Miocene, with subsequent codivergence and host switching throughout the world. Notably, this evolutionary history is very similar to that of dove wing lice, despite the stronger dispersal capabilities of wing lice compared to body lice. Our results highlight the central role of the biogeographic history of host organisms in driving the evolutionary history of their parasites across time and geographic space.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Figure 4 in New records of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) parasites of Brazilian Anhimidae, Threskiornithidae, and Aramidae (Aves)

Figure 4. Habitus in most dorsal view: A = Bothriometopus macrocnemis female; B = Ibidoecus heterogenitalis male; C = Ibidoecus iberoamericanus female; D = Ibidoecus phimosus female (note a fusion of tergopleurites IV+V on left and V+VI on right side of specimen as result of a teratology); E = Rallicola funebris female. All photos are in same scale.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Figure 3 in New records of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) parasites of Brazilian Anhimidae, Threskiornithidae, and Aramidae (Aves)

Figure 3. Habitus in most dorsal view: A = Ardeicola meinertzhageni male; B = Ardeicola praegracilis female; C = Ardeicola rhaphidius male; D = Ardeicola theristicus male. All photos are in same scale.

opencc-by-nc-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Figure 1 in New records of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) parasites of Brazilian Anhimidae, Threskiornithidae, and Aramidae (Aves)

Figure 1. Habitus in most dorsal view: A = Colpocephalum ajajae male (note a dilatation of pre-ocular region on right side of specimen as result of a teratology); B = Colpocephalum cayennensis male; C = Colpocephalum harpiprioni male; D = Colpocephalum infuscati male; E = Colpocephalum leptopygos female; F = Colpocephalum trispinum male. All photos are in same scale.