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Changes in gene expression during germination reveal pea genotypes with either 'quiescence' or 'escape' mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance
<p>Waterlogging causes germination failure in pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.). Three genotypes (BM-3, NL-2 and Kaspa) contrasting in ability to germinate in waterlogged soil were exposed to different durations of waterlogging. Whole genome RNAseq was employed to capture differentially expressing genes. The ability to germinate in waterlogged soil was associated with testa colour and testa membrane integrity as confirmed by electrical conductivity measurements. Among the most differentially regulated genes, upregulated gene tyrosine protein kinase responsible for metabolic regulation and downregulated LOX5 involved in fat metabolism indicated energy preservation in tolerant Kaspa, while in the other tolerant NL-2 subtilase family protein and PNC2 involved in protein and fat metabolism respectively showed upregulated expression suggesting energy utilization during waterlogging. By contrast, in sensitive genotype BM-3 high upregulation was recorded for the kunitz-type trypsin/protease inhibitor whose role is blocking the activity of protein metabolism leading to excessive lipid metabolism causing membrane leakage and subsequent seed damage. Pathway analyses based on gene ontologies showed seed storage protein metabolism as upregulated in tolerant genotypes and downregulated in the sensitive genotype. Understanding the tolerance mechanism provides a platform to breed for adaptation to waterlogging stress at germination in pea. </p>
Changes in gene expression during germination reveal pea genotypes with either 'quiescence' or 'escape' mechanisms of waterlogging tolerance
<p>Waterlogging causes germination failure in pea (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.). Three genotypes (BM-3, NL-2 and Kaspa) contrasting in ability to germinate in waterlogged soil were exposed to different durations of waterlogging. Whole genome RNAseq was employed to capture differentially expressing genes. The ability to germinate in waterlogged soil was associated with testa colour and testa membrane integrity as confirmed by electrical conductivity measurements. Among the most differentially regulated genes, upregulated gene tyrosine protein kinase responsible for metabolic regulation and downregulated LOX5 involved in fat metabolism indicated energy preservation in tolerant Kaspa, while in the other tolerant NL-2 subtilase family protein and PNC2 involved in protein and fat metabolism respectively showed upregulated expression suggesting energy utilization during waterlogging. By contrast, in sensitive genotype BM-3 high upregulation was recorded for the kunitz-type trypsin/protease inhibitor whose role is blocking the activity of protein metabolism leading to excessive lipid metabolism causing membrane leakage and subsequent seed damage. Pathway analyses based on gene ontologies showed seed storage protein metabolism as upregulated in tolerant genotypes and downregulated in the sensitive genotype. Understanding the tolerance mechanism provides a platform to breed for adaptation to waterlogging stress at germination in pea. </p>
Is there a latitudinal diversity gradient for symbiotic microbes? A case study with sensitive partridge peas
<p><span>Mutualism is thought to be more prevalent in the tropics than temperate zones and may therefore play an important role in generating and maintaining high species richness found at lower latitudes. However, results on the impact of mutualism on latitudinal diversity gradients are mixed, and few empirical studies sample both temperate and tropical regions. We investigated whether a latitudinal diversity gradient exists in the symbiotic microbial community associated with the legume <em>Chamaecrista</em> <em>nictitans</em>. We sampled bacteria DNA from nodules and the surrounding soil of plant roots across a latitudinal gradient (38.64 °N to 8.68 °N). Using 16S rRNA sequence data, we identified many non-rhizobial species within <em>C. nictitans </em>nodules that cannot form nodules or fix nitrogen. Species richness increased towards lower latitudes in the non-rhizobial portion of the nodule community but not in the rhizobial community. The microbe community in the soil did not effectively predict the non-rhizobia community inside nodules, indicating that host selection is important for structuring non-rhizobia communities in nodules. We next factorially manipulated the presence of three non-rhizobia strains in greenhouse experiments and found that co-inoculations of non-rhizobia strains with rhizobia had a marginal effect on nodule number and no effect on plant growth. Our results suggest that these non-rhizobia bacteria are likely commensals – species that benefit from associating with a host but are neutral for host fitness. Overall, our study suggests that temperate <em>C. nictitans</em> plants are more selective in their associations with the non-rhizobia community, potentially due to differences in soil nitrogen across latitude.</span></p>
Data from: Rapid turnover of a pea aphid superclone mediated by thermal endurance in central Chile
<p>Global change drivers are imposing novel conditions on Earth's ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Among them, biological invasions and climate change are of critical concern. It is generally thought that strictly asexual populations will be more susceptible to rapid environmental alterations due to their lack of genetic variability and, thus, of adaptive responses. In this study, we evaluated the persistence of a widely distributed asexual lineage of the alfalfa race of the pea aphid, <em>Acyrthosiphon pisum, </em>along a latitudinal transect of approximately 600 Km in central Chile after facing environmental change for a decade. Based on microsatellite markers, we found an almost total replacement of the original aphid superclone by a new variant. Considering the unprecedented warming that this region has experienced in recent years, we experimentally evaluated the reproductive performance of these two <em>A. pisum</em> lineages at different thermal regimes. The new variant exhibits higher rates of population increase at warmer temperatures, and computer simulations employing a representative temperature dataset suggest that it might competitively displace the original superclone. These results support the idea of a superclone turnover mediated by differential reproductive performance under changing temperatures.</p>
Deep Learning Annotation Dataset and Images of Pea Aphids
<p><span>The small size and extensive polymorphisms of aphids make it difficult to identify larvae and adults solely based on their morphology. Here, we present an identification tool for the developmental stages of <em>Acyrthosiphon</em> <em>pisum</em> (Hemiptera: Aphididae) based on deep learning as a proof of concept. You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm is one of the most effective deep learning techniques for object detection. Although several studies have been conducted using deep learning technology for the detection and counting of tiny pests, the type of light source and size of the images were the limiting factors, as training was highly focused on uniform datasets and small insects. One way to overcome this problem is to introduce many types of datasets obtained from various light sources and microscopic magnifications. This strategy minimizes errors and omissions in aphid detection across all developmental stages in aphid individuals to the greatest extent possible. The experimental results showed that our modified YOLOv8 model could obtain over 95.9% and 99% accuracy for mean average precision (mAP) and Recall, respectively, under various light sources, such as yellow, white, and natural light, and stereomicroscope magnifications. This study showed an improved accuracy of aphid recognition at all developmental stages.</span><span> </span><span>The study presents a novel deep learning model utilizing the YOLO algorithm to identify developmental stages of </span><em><span>A</span></em><span>. </span><em><span>pisum</span></em><span>. This model achieves high accuracy across various light sources and magnifications, thereby enhancing aphid biology studies.</span></p>
FIG. 3 in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 3. — Onychocepon harpax Pérez, 1921, ZRC 2023.0258 (A-K): A, female, dorsal view; B, male, dorsal view; C, male, ventral view (arrows indicate attached ciliates); D, left antennule of female; E, left antenna of female; F, left maxilliped and barbular lobes of female; G, left oostegite 1 of female, outer view; H, left oostegite 1 of female, inner view, asterisk shows lobe drawn in close-up; I, close-up of lobe from inner ridge of oostegite 1 of female; J, left pereopod 1 of female; K, left pereopod 7 of female. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B, C, 1 mm; D, E, I-K, 50 µm; F-H, 200 µm.
FIG. 8. — Rhopalione racemus n in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 8. — Rhopalione racemus n. sp. holotype and allotype specimens (SAM C16386): A, holotype female, dorsal view; B, holotype female, ventral view; C, allotype male, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm.
FIG. 4 in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 4. — Rhopalione uromyzon Pérez, 1920, syntype female (MNHN-IU-2024-3187) (8.1 mm): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, right antennule and antenna; D, barbula; E, left oostegite 1, inner view; F, left oostegite 1, outer view; G, left maxilliped, outer view; H, left pereopod 1; I, left pereopod 7; J, close-up view of dactylus, propodus and carpus ending of pereopod 7. Scale bars: A, B, 1 mm; C, G, I, 100 µm; D, 200 µm; E, F, 500 µm; H, 250 µm; J, 50 µm.
FIG. 11. — Rhopalione rusa n in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 11. — Rhopalione rusa n. sp. holotype (ZRC 2023.0259, A-G) and allotype (ZRC 2023.0260, H-M) specimens (ZRC 2019.0534): A, left antennae; B, barbula, left side; C, dorsal view of terminus of pleon showing fifth pleomere with lateral plates on both sides and biramous pleopod shown only on right side and uropods; D, left maxilliped, outer view; inset shows inner view of anterior lobe and spur obscured by lobe of maxilliped (*); E, left oostegite 1 and pereopod 1, outer view; F, left oostegite 1, inner view; G, left pereopod 7; H, ventral view; I, left antennae; J, right pereopod 1; K, right pereopod 1, close-up of dactyl and propodus; L, right pereopod 7; M, pleomere showing pleopod 4 on right side and mid-ventral tubercule. Abbreviations: En, endopod; Ex, exopod; Lp, lateral plate; Uro, uropods. Scale bars: A, G, L, M, 100 µm; B, D-F, 250 µm; C, H, 500 µm; J-K, 50 µm.
FIG. 2 in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 2. — Heterocepon marginatum Shiino, 1936, ZRC 2023.0271 (A-I): A, right antenna and antennule of female; B, barbula of female (asterisk shows missing outer lobe); C, left maxilliped of female, outer view with outer barbular lobe attached; D, left oostegite 1 of female, outer view; E, left oostegite 1 of female, inner view; F, left pereopod 1 of female; G, left pereopod 7 of female. Scale bars: A, F, G, 50 µm; B, 250 µm; C-E, 200 µm.
FIG. 7 in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 7. — Rhopalione sinensis Markham, 1990 (NHMD-1184775): A, female, dorsal view; B, female, lateral view; C, left oostegite 1, inner view; D, left maxilliped, outer view. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, D, 100 µm.
FIG. 6 in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 6. — Rhopalione atrinicolae Page, 1985 paratype specimens (A, B: NMNZ Cr. 3090) and non-type specimens (C, D: NIWA 160626): A, female, dorsal view; B, male, dorsal view. C, female, dorsal view; D, female, dorsal view, arrow shows lateral plate with slightly crenulate edge. Scale bars: A, C, D, 2 mm; B, 1 mm.
FIG. 5 in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 5. — Rhopalione uromyzon Pérez, 1920:two syntype males (MNHN-IU-2024-3189) (A-C, E-G: 3.45 mm, D: 3.68 mm), one syntype female (MNHN-IU-2024-3196) (H, 3.90 mm), 2 syntype females (I, 4.35 mm, J, 5.55 mm): A, dorsal view; B, lateral view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view, E, left antennule and antenna; F, left pereopod 1; G, left pereopod 7; H-J, dorsal views. Scale bars: A-D, H, 500 µm; E-G, 100 µm; I, J, 1 mm.
FIG. 1 in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 1. — Heterocepon marginatum Shiino, 1936, ZRC 2023.0264 (A), ZRC 2023.0269 (B), SMF-ZMG948b (C, D): A, female, dorsal view (dashed line shows where oostegites are cut-off in the picture); B, male, dorsal view; C, female in host Arcotheres palaensis (Bürger, 1895); D, female, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B, D, 1 mm; C, 2.5 mm.
FIG. 10. — Rhopalione rusa n in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 10. — Rhopalione rusa n. sp. holotype (ZRC 2023.0259) and allotype (ZRC 2023.0260) specimens: A, ventral view of host pinnotherid Arcotheres similis (Bürger, 1895) with Rhopalione sp. in situ on left side of pleon (posterior end of male shown by arrow); B, holotype female, dorsal view; C, holotype female, ventral view; D, allotype male, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, 2 mm; B-D, 1 mm.
FIG. 9. — Rhopalione racemus n in New records of bopyrid parasites (Crustacea, Isopoda, Epicaridea) of pea crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pinnotheridae) with descriptions of two new species of Rhopalione Pérez, 1921 and a review of the genus
FIG. 9. — Rhopalione racemus n. sp. holotype (A-H) and allotype (I-L) specimens (SAM C16386): A, left antennae; B, barbula; C, left maxilliped, with base of barbular lobes shown; D, left oostegite 1, outer view; E, left oostegite 1, inner view; F, pereomere 7 and pleon, ventral view; G, left pereopod 1 and coxal plate; H, left pereopod 7; I, ventral view; J, right antennae, oral cone and maxilliped; K, right pereopod 1; L, left pereopod 7. Abbreviations: CP, coxal plate; IL, inner barbular lobe; Max, maxilliped; OL, outer barbular lobe; Or, oral cone. Scale bars: A, G, H, 100 µm; B, D, E, I, 500 µm; C, 250 µm; F, 1 mm; J-L, 50 µm.
Supplementary data of article "Domestication has altered gene expression and secondary metabolites in pea seed coat".
<p><strong>Table S1.</strong> Excel- GO_terms_MF_selected_WGCNA_modules.</p> <p><strong>Table S2.</strong> Excel- GO_terms_MF_DEGs_UP_and_DOWN.</p> <p><strong>Table S3.</strong> Excel- GO_terms_MF_DEGs_summary.</p> <p><strong>Table S4.</strong> Excel- List of DEGs involved in flavonoid pathway found in WILD gene set.</p> <p><strong>Table S5.</strong> Protein recoveries calculated for individual pea protein samples. Numbers 1, 2, 3 denote treatment groups corresponding to seed developmental stages (D1, D2 and mature seeds, respectively). Letters a–d denote biological replicates within the treatment groups.</p> <p><strong>Table S6.</strong> Excel- Annotation of proteins differentially expressed in wild and domesticated pea seed coat samples.</p> <p><strong>Table S7.</strong> Primary metabolites identified by spectral similarity library search and/or co-elution with authentic standards in pea seed coats aqua methanolic extracts. Metabolite analysis relied on GC-EI-Q-MS analysis after derivatization of the lyophilized extracts with methoxamine hydrochloride (MOA) and <em>N</em>-methyl-<em>N</em>-(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA).</p> <p><strong>Table S8.</strong> Primary metabolites detected in the aq. methanolic extracts of mature Cameor seed coats demonstrating statistically significant up- and down-regulation in comparison to those of wild JI261.</p> <p><strong>Table S9.</strong> Primary metabolites of mature JI92 seed coats demonstrating statistically significant up- and down-regulation in comparison with those of wild JI261.</p> <p><strong>Table S10.</strong> Primary metabolites of mature JI1794 seed coats demonstrating statistically significant up- and down-regulation in comparison with those of JI261.</p> <p><strong>Table S11.</strong> Primary metabolites of mature JI64 seed coats demonstrating statistically significant up- and down-regulation in comparison with those of JI261.</p> <p><strong>Table S12.</strong> Mass analyzer settings applied for QqTOF-MS experiments in analysis of seed coat (cell wall) hydrolyzates and reference authentic standards.</p> <p><strong>Table S13.</strong> Cell wall-bound metabolites extracted from the seed coats of wild (JI64, JI1794, JI261) and domesticated (Cameor, JI92) peas upon alkali hydrolysis of corresponding isolated and purified cell wall material.</p> <p><strong>Table S14.</strong> Excel- Coordinates of markers in S-plot obtained from OPLS-DA analysis (FIA-ESI-HRTMS, negative ionization, lock mass uncorrected).</p> <p><strong>Table S15.</strong> List of identified significantly differential metabolites rising during seed coat development.</p> <p><strong>Table S16.</strong> List of identified significantly differential metabolites decreasing during seed coat development (positive ionization mode).</p> <p><strong>Table S17.</strong> List of identified metabolites with significantly higher content in wild compared cultivated genotypes in older developmental stages (D5-6).</p> <p><strong>Table S18.</strong> Excel- Expression of genes encoding enzymes of monolignol pathway in seed coats (SC) and embryos (E) of domesticated (Cameor, JI92 and <em>Pisum abyssinicum</em> PI358617) and wild (JI64, JI1794, JI261) peas over five seed developmental stages (13, 17, 20, 23, 28 DAP, labelled as 1-5). PAL: phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, C4H: cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4CL: 4-coumaroyl: CoA ligase, HCT: hydroxycinnamoyl CoA:shikimate hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, COMT: caffeic acid O-methyltransferase, CSE: caffeoyl shikimate esterase, CAD: cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, CCR: cinnamoyl CoA reductase, CCoAMT: caffeoyl CoA-3-methyltransferase, F5H: ferulate-5-hydroxylase</p> <p><strong>Table S19.</strong> Studied metabolites of phenylpropanoid pathway.</p> <p><strong>Table S20.</strong> Instrument settings used in the proteomics LIT-Orbitrap-MS and -MS/MS experiments.</p> <p><strong>Table S21.</strong> Procedures and specific settings for data processing and post-processing of the proteomics data.</p> <p><strong>Table S22.</strong> Gas chromatographic (GC) separation conditions and electron ionization-quadrupole-mass spectrometry (EI-Q-MS) settings for GC-EI-Q-MS analysis of the primary metabolites in pea seed coats.</p> <p><strong>Table S23.</strong> Chromatographic conditions used for UHPLC separation of seed coat (cell wall) hydrolyzates and reference authentic standards.</p> <p><strong>Table S24.</strong> Variable parameters of MS/cIMS/MS measurements.</p> <p><strong>Figure S1.</strong> The dynamics of gene expression between studied developmental stages within all genotypes (a) or among genotypes in particular developmental stages (b).</p> <p><strong>Figure S2.</strong> Twelve representative groups of transcription factors described within 20 gene modules of pea SC. Visualized by Cytoscape 3.9.0.</p> <p><strong>Figure S3.</strong> SDS-PAGE electropherograms of the total protein fractions isolated from the seed coats of JI92 (a, c, e) and JI64 (b, d, f) seeds before and after tryptic hydrolysis. Numbers 1, 2, 3 denote seed developmental stages: DS1, DS2 and mature seeds, respectively. Letters a-d denote biological replicates. The aliquots (10 μg) of samples before hydrolysis (a, b), the incompletely digested aliquots left on filter unit after peptide elution (c, d) and aliquots of tryptic hydrolysates (corresponding to 5 μg of protein), (e, f) were loaded on gels. Inter-gel normalization relied on the total density of the Protein Ladder (PageRuler™ Prestained Protein Ladder #26616, 10–180 kDa) lane (St); the ND (non-digested) sample represents a reference protein not subjected to hydrolysis.</p> <p><strong>Figure S4.</strong> The numbers of tryptic peptides (a), possible proteins (b), and non-redundant proteins (protein groups) (c) identified in domesticated JI92 seed coats at developmental stages D1, D2 and D6. The tryptic digests (<em>n</em> =&thinsp;3) obtained from seed coats were analyzed by nano-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization linear ion trap-orbital trap mass spectrometry (nanoHPLC-ESI-LIT-Orbitrap-MS) operated in positive DDA mode.</p> <p><strong>Figure S5.</strong> The numbers of tryptic peptides (a), possible proteins (b), and non-redundant proteins (protein groups, c) identified in wild pea JI64 seed coats at D1, D2 and D6 stages. The tryptic digests (<em>n</em> =&thinsp;3), obtained from pea seedlings, were analyzed by nano-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization linear ion trap-orbital trap mass spectrometry (nanoHPLC-ESI-LIT-Orbitrap-MS) operated in positive DDA mode.</p> <p><strong>Figure S6.</strong> Principal component analysis (PCA) with score plot representation (a) accomplished for seed coat proteins differentially expressed at developmental stages D1 and D2 and in the mature state (D6) and hierarchical clustering with a heatmap representation (b).</p> <p><strong>Figure S7.</strong> Functional annotation (accomplished with the Mercator MapMan v3.6 tool) of the pea seed coat proteins isolated in stage D1. White and black columns denote the functional groups of the proteins, which were more expressed in the developing seeds of domesticated JI92 and wild JI64, respectively.</p> <p><strong>Figure S8.</strong> Functional annotation (accomplished with the Mercator MapMan v3.6 tool) of the pea seed coat proteins isolated in stage D2. White and black columns denote the functional groups of the proteins, which were more expressed in the developing seeds of the domesticated JI92 and wild JI64, respectively.</p> <p><strong>Figure S9.</strong> Prediction of sub-cellular localization of the proteins more expressed in the developing seeds of JI92 and JI64 with the BUSCA prediction tool.</p> <p><strong>Figure S10.</strong> Evaluation of the differences in the metabolic profiles of the mature seeds obtained from the wild JI261 and domesticated Cameor by principal component analysis (PCA).</p> <p><strong>Figure S11.</strong> Representation of the differences in the metabolic profiles of the mature seed coats obtained from the wild JI261 and domesticated Cameor by the t-test with Volcano plot representation (a) and the top 30 differentially abundant metabolites demonstrating the most pronounced differences of corresponding GC-MS signals associated with seed dormancy (b).</p> <p><strong>Figure S12.</strong> Evaluation of the differences in the metabolic profiles of the mature seeds obtained from the wild JI261 and domesticated JI92 by principal component analysis (PCA) with score plot representation (a) and hierarchical clustering with heatmap representation (b).</p> <p><strong>Figure S13.</strong> Principal component analysis (PCA) illustrating distribution of metabolic profiles of mature seed coats of two wild pea genotypes, JI1794 and JI261.</p> <p><strong>Figure S14.</strong> Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrates the distribution of mature seed coat metabolic profiles of two wild pea genotypes, JI64 and JI261(control).</p> <p><strong>Figure S15.</strong> Evaluation of the differences in the patterns of the cell wall-bound metabolites obtained from mature seed coats of wild JI261 and domesticated Cameor: principal component analysis (PCA) with score plot representation (a), hierarchical clustering with heatmap representation (b) and <em>t</em>-test analysis with the Volcano-plot representation (c).</p> <p><strong>Figure S16.</strong> Statistical analysis (<em>t</em>-test with Volcano plot representation) characterizing the differences between the levels of mature seed coat cell wall-bound metabolites of Cameor compared with those of wild JI261.</p> <p><strong>Figure S17.</strong> Principal component analysis (PCA) illustrates the distribution of mature seed coat metabolic profiles of domesticated JI92 and wild JI261.</p> <p><strong>Figure S18.</strong> Principal component analysis (PCA) shows the distribution of metabolic profiles of mature seed coats of two wild pea genotypes, JI1794 and JI261, control.</p> <p><strong>Figure S19.</strong> Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrates the distribution of mature seed coat metabolic profiles of two wild genotypes, JI64 and control JI261.</p> <p><strong>Figure S20.</strong> Annotated cell wall-bound metabolites extracted from the seed coats of the dormant wild pea genotype JI261 and the seed coats from several pea genotypes varying in their dormancy (Cameor, JI92, JI64, and JI1794) upon alkali hydrolysis of corresponding isolated and purified cell wall material. </p> <p><strong>Figure S21.</strong> Ion mobility separation of <em>m/z</em> 299.0841.</p> <p><strong>Figure S22.</strong> Ion mobility separation of <em>m/z</em> 701.1907. </p> <p><strong>Figure S23.</strong> Ion mobility separation of <em>m/z</em> 619.1041.</p> <p><strong>Figure S24.</strong> Ion mobility separation of <em>m/z</em> 631.1017.</p> <p><strong>Figure S25.</strong> Ion mobility separation of <em>m/z</em> 641.1139.</p> <p><strong>Figure S26.</strong> Ion mobility separation of <em>m/z</em> 771.1346. </p> <p><strong>Figure S27.</strong> Reconstructed chromatograms of p-hydroxybenzoic and salicylic acids in DS5 of dormant JI64 and domesticated landraces JI92 (LC/HRTMS, negative ionization mode).</p> <p><strong>Figure S28.</strong> Module-trait relationship depiction showing the correlation between expression of the gene modules and the abundance of identified metabolites of the monolignol pathway.</p>
Pete Iannetta: on the World's First Climate Positive Gin - made using peas - Nàdar (Nature).
<p>Agricultural ecologist Dr Pete Iannetta of the James Hutton Institute shares some brief thoughts on creation of the world's first climate positive based gin made from 100% peas.</p>
Kirsty Black: on the World's First Climate Positive Gin - made using peas - Nàdar (Nature).
<p>Master Distiller and Manager of Arbikie Distillery - Kirsty briefly shares her thoughts and perspectives on creating the worlds first climate positive spirit.</p>
Iain Stirling: on the World's First Climate Positive Gin - made using peas - Nàdar (Nature).
<p>Some brief perspectives on the arrival of the pea-based Nàdar from Iain Stirling - owner and founder of Arbikie Distillery.</p>
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