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24 results for “periodical cicadas”
Periodical cicadas disrupt trophic dynamics via community-level shifts in Avian Foraging
<p>Once every 13 or 17 years within eastern North American deciduous forests, billions of periodical cicadas concurrently emerge from the soil and briefly satiate a diverse array of naive consumers, offering a rare opportunity to assess the cascading impacts of an ecosystem-wide resource pulse on a complex food web. Here, we quantify the effects of the 2021 Brood X emergence, and report that >80 bird species opportunistically switched their foraging to include cicadas, releasing herbivorous insects from predation, and essentially doubling both caterpillar densities and accumulated herbivory levels on host oak trees. These short-lived but massive emergence events help us to understand how resource pulses can rewire interaction webs and disrupt energy flows in ecosystems, with potentially long-lasting effects. </p> <p> </p>
Figure 8. Site 2 in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 8. Site 2: Number of male and female newly metamorphosed adult periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim Brood X, found on successive mornings on 14–23 May 2004 in a fixed route of random sampling, in Silver Spring, Maryland. A total of 104 newly metamorphosed males and 115 newly metamorphosed females were found. According to hypothesis tests of single proportions, the number of males is significantly greater than the number of females at α 0.05 for days 1 and 3 and at approximately α 0.01 for days 1–3. This result is evidence for protandry.
Figure 7. Site 1 in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 7. Site 1: Number of male and female newly metamorphosed adult periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim Brood X, found on successive mornings on 14–23 May 2004 in a fixed route of random sampling in Silver Spring, Maryland. A total of 444 newly metamorphosed males and 585 newly metamorphosed females were found. According to hypothesis tests of single proportions, the number of females is significantly greater than the number of males at α 0.05 for days 6, 7, and 9.
Figure 6 in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 6. Total Number of male and female newly metamorphosed adult periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim Brood X, found on successive mornings on 14–23 May 2004 in a fixed route of random sampling of a neighborhood of Silver Spring, Maryland. A total of 548 newly metamorphosed males and 700 newly metamorphosed females were found. According to hypothesis tests of single proportions, the number of males is significantly greater than the number of females at α 0.05 for days 1 and 3, and the number of females is significantly greater than the number of males at α 0.01 for days 9 and 10. On days 1 and 3, this result is evidence for protandry. At α 0.01, there are also significantly more females than males for the season as a whole.
Figure 5. The two locations where periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim Brood X in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 5. The two locations where periodical cicadas, Magicicada septendecim Brood X, were counted in Silver Spring, Maryland, May–June 2004.
Figure 4 in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 4. Magicicada septendecim: female, ventral view of abdomen showing ovipositor. (Note: this specimen is a four-year early emergent of the 2021 Brood X; Maryland, Michael J. Raupp, 29 May 2017.)
Figure 3 in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 3. Magicicada septendecim: male, ventral view of abdomen. (Note: this specimen is a four-year early emergent of the 2021 Brood X; Maryland, Michael J. Raupp, 24 May 2017.)
Figure 1 in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 1. Magicicada septendecim: mass emergence of nymphs from the ground. (Maryland, Michael J. Raupp, 15 May 2004)
Periodical cicadas disrupt trophic dynamics via community-level shifts in Avian Foraging
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Personality-mediated speed-accuracy tradeoffs in mating in a 17-year periodical cicada
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><span>There exists growing evidence that animal personality (consistent between individual differences in behavior) can influence an individual's fitness. Furthermore, limitations in behavioral plasticity may cause personality-mediated tradeoffs to occur, for example, between speed and accuracy in decision making. We explored whether various measures of personality could predict speed-accuracy tradeoffs in mate selection using Pharaoh cicadas (<em>Magicicada septendecim</em>) and examined the phenotypic traits predicting male mating performance and advertisement rates. We assessed whether male exploration behavior, boldness, and weight, could predict a male's overall copulation attempt rate (the number of attempted copulations with conspecifics of either sex), the number of errors a male made when selecting a mate (the number of same-sex copulation attempts), and male reproductive performance (whether a male successfully copulated with a female). We also assessed whether personality-dependent variation in male advertisement rate (the number of calling song bouts) might underpin the correlation between exploration behavior and mating performance. Although male exploration behavior did not predict male advertisement rate, we found that faster-exploring males exhibited higher overall rates of attempted copulations while also attempting more same-sex copulations, compared to slower-exploring males, suggesting a personality-mediated speed-accuracy tradeoff. Despite making more mate choice errors, however, faster explorers were more likely to successfully copulate with females, compared to slower explorers, indicating that speed may be favored over accuracy in systems where heavily male-biased sex ratios lead to scramble competition. Overall, this work highlights the role of personality in sexual selection and demonstrates that personality can influence speed-accuracy trade-offs in mating.</span></p>
Figure 2 in Protandrous Arrival in a Population of the Periodical Cicada Magicicada septendecim (Linnaeus) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Montgomery County, Maryland
Figure 2. Magicicada septendecim: newly eclosed teneral. (Maryland, Michael J. Raupp, 16 May 2004)
Personality-mediated speed-accuracy tradeoffs in mating in a 17-year periodical cicada
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Hybridization selects for prime-numbered life cycles in Magicicada: an individual-based simulation model of a structured periodical cicada population
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Periodical cicada emergences affect masting behavior of oaks
<p>Oaks (<em>Quercus</em> spp.) are well-known "masting" species exhibiting highly variable and synchronized acorn production. We investigated the hypothesis that periodical cicadas (<em>Magicada</em> spp.), well-known to have strong effects on the ecosystems in which they occur, affect acorn production of oaks through their xylem feeding habits as nymphs, the oviposition damage they inflect as adults during emergences, or the nutrient pulse resulting from the decomposition of their bodies following breeding. We found negative effects on acorn production during emergence years and the year following emergences, and enhanced acorn production two years post-emergence. We also found evidence suggesting a significant effect of cicada emergences on spatial synchrony of acorn production by trees growing within the range of the same cicada brood compared to different broods. These results demonstrate that periodical cicadas act as a trophic environmental "veto" depressing acorn production during and immediately following emergences, after which the nutrient pulse associated with the cicada's demise enhances oak reproduction.</p>
Fig. 3 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Fig. 3. Sonograms of M. septendecim wing flick (A) and synthetic wing flicks produced by a 12 V electric relay (B), a finger snap (C), a piece of paper flicked rapidly (D), and an ordinary electric light switch (E).
Fig. 1 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Fig. 1. Stylized sonogram of male call/female wing flick courtship duet for M. -decim. The male begins with court I (CI) calls; the female answers each call with a wing flick. After several such interactions, male begins court II (CII) calling. After the male ceases CII calling, the female wing flicks in response, and the male begins court III (C III) calling. Number of call phrases in each stage of the sexual sequence varies. See Table 2 for descriptions of the signals.
Fig. 4 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Fig. 4. Sonogram of male M. -decim call phrase (A), M. -cassini call phrase (B) and fragment of M. -decula calling song (C) with female wing flick response. Female response (marked with asterisk) is a broad-frequency sound. Wing flick sounds enhanced and extraneous background noise removed for clarity.
Fig. 6 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Fig. 6. Responses of female M. septendecim to playbacks of artificial, pure tone calls and portions of calls against artificial background choruses of different intensities. Females were scored as responding positively if they produced one or more wing flick signals in response to a playback. Data are presented as proportion of positive responses for specific call and background condition given the total number of trials with those experimental conditions. At all background intensities, whole calls (squares) were more likely to elicit responses than either main portion only (circles) or slur portion only (triangles). At higher background intensities, the effectiveness of whole calls was reduced (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA z = 420, p ≤ 0.001), as was the effectiveness of main portion only (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA z = 64, p ≤ 0.001), while the effectiveness of slurs alone was increased (Kruskal-Wallis One Way ANOVA z = 44, p ≤ 0.001).
Fig. 2 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Fig. 2. Sonogram of male M. -decim call and interference buzz of nearby male, with stylized explanatory sonogram above.
Fig. 5 in Sexual Signaling in Periodical Cicadas, Magicicada spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Fig. 5. Timing of female wing flick after end of male call at different ambient air temperatures. 222 individual wing flicks produced by 161 individual females were measured.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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