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19 results for “pharyngeal jaw”
Figure 11. Pharyngeal jaws, ventral view. A in Phylogenetic relationships of the suckermouth armoured catfishes (Loricariidae) with emphasis on the Hypostominae and the Ancistrinae
Figure 11. Pharyngeal jaws, ventral view. A, Hemipsilichthys cameroni, USNM 279585. B, Loricaria sp., INHS 31689. Scale bars = 1 mm. Shaded area is cartilage. Arrow indicates postero-lateral process.
The cichlid pharyngeal jaw novelty enhances evolutionary integration in the feeding apparatus
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Fig. 10. Uropterygius alboguttatus, USNM 338657, 340 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 10. Uropterygius alboguttatus, USNM 338657, 340 mm. Left lateral view of left fourth gill arch and associated musculature, removed from body. Note insertion of hypaxial retractor on Eb4. AD, adductor dorsalis; Cb, ceratobranchial; DR, dorsal retractor; Eb, epibranchial; HR, hypaxial retractor; LE levator externus; LI, levator internus; LPT, lower pharyngeal toothplate; SO/DR, sphincter oesophagi/dorsal retractor; UPT, upper pharyngeal toothplate.
Fig. 11 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 11. Photographs of left medial view of alizarin-stained bone showing association between UPT and EB4. (A–D) Muraena retifera, with muscles and connective tissue removed, from figure 4 of Mehta and Wainwright (2008). (C, D) Muscles drawn in—modified, red boxes indicate misidentification of obliquus dorsalis—there is no major muscle spanning the joint between Eb4 and UPT. Given the angle and point of insertion, the element labeled LI1 is probably LI1, a muscle otherwise not recognized, illustrated, or discussed by M&W. (E, F) Gymnothorax pindae, USNM 443783, 200 mm, arrows point to the strong connective tissue that binds the two elements together. LI, levator internus; OBL.D, obliquus dorsalis.
Fig. 7. Muraena argus, USNM 318316, 250 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 7. Muraena argus, USNM 318316, 250 mm. Left lateral view, gill arches in situ. (A) Entire gill arches exposed, sternohyoideus intact. (B) Close up of A. (C) First three arches and sternohyoideus removed, pharyngocleithralis exposed. Note absence of well-defined muscle bundle from anterior tip of LPT to hyoid and presence of fan-like subpharyngealis (Sph). Aa, anguloarticular; AD, adductor dorsalis; Cb, ceratobranchial; Ch, anterior and posterior ceratohyal; Cl, cleithrum; De, dentary; DP, dorsal process of UPT; Eb, epibranchial; Ep, epaxialis; LI, levator internus; LPT, lower pharyngeal toothplate; Mx, maxilla; Pcl, pharyngocleithralis; Sh, sternohyoideus; SO/DR, sphincter oesophagi/dorsal retractor; Sph, subpharyngealis; UPT, upper pharyngeal toothplate. Red star marks origin of LI1 within epaxialis.
Fig. 9. Uropterygius alboguttatus, USNM 338657, 310 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 9. Uropterygius alboguttatus, USNM 338657, 310 mm. Left lateral view of left fourth gill arch and associated musculature in situ, posterior end of pharyngocleithralis and anterior end of hypaxialis excised at red lines to expose hypaxial retractor; LE4 passes medial to the insertion of HR to insert more posteriorly (see also Fig. 10). AD, adductor dorsalis; Cb, ceratobranchial; Eb, epibranchial; Ep, epaxialis; HR, hypaxial retractor; Hy, hypaxialis; LE levator externus; LI, levator internus; Pcl, pharyngocleithralis; SO/DR, sphincter oesophagi/dorsal retractor; Sph, subpharyngealis.
Fig. 6. Muraena retifera, ANSP 103574, 165 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 6. Muraena retifera, ANSP 103574, 165 mm. Left lateral view of tendinous attachment of DR to vertebral column (covered by epaxialis) as it exits SO. Cb, ceratobranchial; DR, dorsal retractor; Eb, epibranchial; Ep, epaxialis; SO, sphincter oesophagi.
Fig. 5. Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, 290 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 5. Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, 290 mm. (A) Dorsal view of fourth gill arches and associated musculature, removed from body, SO/DR intact, showing anterior extension of DR to insert on UPT. (B) Ventral view of A showing insertion of VR on LPT, pharyngocleithralis removed. Cb, ceratobranchial; DR, dorsal retractor; Eb, epibranchial; LI, levator internus; LPT, lower pharyngeal toothplate; SO/DR, sphincter oesophagi/dorsal retractor; UPT, upper pharyngeal toothplate; VR, ventral retractor.
Fig. 4. Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, 210 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 4. Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, 210 mm. (A) Left lateral view of left fourth gill arch and associated musculature, removed from body, circular fibers of SO removed to expose longitudinal fibers of DR; anterior section of LI2 occluded by posterior section. (B) Medial view of A; posterior section of LI2 exposed dorsal and ventral to anterior section. AD, adductor dorsalis; Cb, ceratobranchial; DP, dorsal process of UPT; DR, dorsal retractor; Eb, epibranchial; LI, levator internus; LPT, lower pharyngeal toothplate; UPT, upper pharyngeal toothplate.
Fig. 3. Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, 290 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 3. Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, 290 mm. (A) Slightly oblique left lateral view of fourth gill arch (first three removed) and associated musculature removed from body, sphincter oesophagi (SO/DR) intact; note two branches of LI2 and their insertion points on UPT. (B, C) Dorsal views of anterior ends of fourth epibranchials (C, close up of right side) deflected laterally to show that DR does not insert on them, but instead on UPT. AD, adductor dorsalis; Cb, ceratobranchial; DP dorsal process of UPT; DR, dorsal retractor; Eb, epibranchial; LI, levator internus; LPT, lower pharyngeal toothplate; Pcl, pharyngocleithralis; SO/DR, sphincter oesophagi/dorsal retractor; UPT, upper pharyngeal toothplate. (Subpharyngealis not shown.)
Fig. 2. A and B in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 2. A and B based on figure 6B of Mehta and Wainwright (2008), modified. Red arrows point to indicated insertion points with which I disagree. (A) Red boxes indicate muscle identifications with which I disagree. (B) Muscles with my revised identifications in red letters. (C) Muscles redrawn based on my observations of Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, epaxialis removed to match A and B, thus actual origin of LI (red star) within it is not shown; note origin of Sph on posterolateral surface of Cb4. AD, adductor dorsalis (?AD4? indicates the possibility that muscle as drawn could include part of AD4); Cb4, fourth ceratobranchial; Cl, cleithrum; DR, dorsal retractor; Hyo, hyoid (ceratohyal); LE, levator externus; LI, levator internus; OBL.DIV, obliquus dorsalis; Pcl (¼PHC. in panel A), pharyngocleithralis; R.C., rectus communis; SO, sphincter oesophagi; Sph, subpharyngealis. X indicates that there is no distinct muscle equivalent to the R.C. shown in A.
Fig. 8. Uropterygius alboguttatus, USNM 338657, 350 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 8. Uropterygius alboguttatus, USNM 338657, 350 mm. (A) Left lateral view of left fourth gill arch and associated musculature, removed from body, circular fibers of SO removed to expose longitudinal fibers of DR, hypaxial retractor removed. (B) Medial view of A. Note insertion of single branch of LI2 on anterior end of UPT and posterior insertion point of LE4 near Eb4-Cb4 articulation. AD, adductor dorsalis; Cb, ceratobranchial; DR, dorsal retractor; Eb, epibranchial; LE levator externus; LI, levator internus; LPT, lower pharyngeal toothplate; UPT, upper pharyngeal toothplate.
Data from: Head shape modulates diversification of a classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation
Functional innovations are often invoked to explain the uneven distribution of ecological diversity. Innovations may provide access to new adaptive zones by expanding available ecological opportunities and may serve as catalysts of adaptive radiation. However, diversity is often unevenly distributed within clades that share a key innovation, highlighting the possibility that the impact of the innovation is mediated by other traits. Pharyngognathy is a widely recognized innovation of the pharyngeal jaws that enhances the ability to process hard and tough prey in several major radiations of fishes, including marine wrasses and freshwater cichlids. We explored diversification of lower pharyngeal jaw shape, a key feature of pharyngognathy, and the extent to which it is influenced by head shape in Neotropical cichlids. While pharyngeal jaw shape was unaffected by either head length or head depth, its disparity declined dramatically with increasing head width. Head width also predicted the rate of pharyngeal jaw evolution such that higher rates were associated with narrow heads. Wide heads are associated with exploiting prey that require intense processing by pharyngeal jaws that have expanded surfaces for the attachment of enlarged muscles. However, we show that a wide head constrains access to adaptive peaks associated with several trophic roles. A constraint on the independent evolution of pharyngeal jaw and head shape may explain the uneven distribution of ecological diversity within a clade that shares a major functional innovation.
A Peacock Bass (Cichla) functional novelty relaxes a constraint imposed by the classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation
Innovations may provide access to new resources but often result in significant trade-offs. Pharyngognathy is a classic pharyngeal jaw innovation in which the left and right lower pharyngeal jaw (LPJ) bones are united into a single structure, producing a strong bite but reduced gape. Throughout cichlids, pharyngeal suturing occurs along the entire medial border between LPJ bones, except in Peacock bass (Cichla), where these bones are connected by ligaments only in their anterior region. We show that this limited attachment permits the jaw bones to spread apart and we link this feature to an increase in pharyngeal gape that is comparable to non-pharyngognathous species. The capacity of the LPJ bones to spread apart is strongest in juveniles and is mostly lost during development. Juvenile Cichla exhibit size-specific pharyngeal gape similar to non-pharyngognathous percomorphs, but adults exhibit pharyngeal gape on par with other predatory cichlids. Relaxation of pharyngeal suturing offsets a major deleterious consequence of pharyngognathy by reducing gape limitation and we propose this may accelerate the ontogenetic transition to piscivory. Partial reversal of the classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation highlights the functional trade-offs that often accompany innovations and may be a major cause of variation in their macroevolutionary consequences.
Data from: The evolution of pharyngognathy: a phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond
The perciform group Labroidei includes approximately 2,500 species and comprises some of the most diverse and successful lineages of teleost fishes. Composed of four major clades, Cichlidae, Labridae (wrasses, parrotfishes and weed whitings), Pomacentridae (damselfishes), and Embiotocidae (surfperches), labroids have been an icon for studies of biodiversity, adaptive radiation, and sexual selection. The success and diversification of labroids have been largely attributed to the presence of a major innovation in the pharyngeal jaw apparatus, pharyngognathy, which is hypothesized to increase feeding capacity and versatility. We present results of large-scale phylogenetic analyses and a survey of pharyngeal jaw functional morphology, that allow us to examine the evolution of pharyngognathy in a historical context. Phylogenetic analyses were based on a sample of 188 acanthomorph species, primarily percomorphs, and DNA sequence data collected from ten nuclear loci that have been previously used to resolve higher-level ray-finned fish relationships. Phylogenies inferred from this dataset using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses indicate polyphyly of the traditional Labroidei and clearly separate Labridae from the remainder of the traditional labroid lineages (Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, and Pomacentridae). These three "chromide" families all grouped together within a newly discovered clade of 40 families and more than 5,300+ species (>30% of percomorphs and >17% of all ray-finned fishes), which we name Ovalentaria for its characteristic demersal, adhesive eggs with chorionic filaments. This fantastically diverse clade includes some of the most species-rich lineages of marine and freshwater fishes, including all representatives of the Cichlidae, Embiotocidae, Pomacentridae, Ambassidae, Gobiesocidae, Grammatidae, Mugilidae, Opistognathidae, Pholidichthyidae, Plesiopidae (including Notograptus), Polycentridae, Pseudochromidae, Atherinomorpha, and Blennioidei. Beyond the discovery of Ovalentaria, this study provides a surprising, but well-supported, hypothesis for a convict-blenny (Pholidichthys) sister group to the charismatic cichlids and new insights into the evolution of pharyngognathy. Bayesian stochastic mapping ancestral state reconstructions indicate pharyngognathy has evolved at least six times in percomorphs, including four separate origins in members of the former Labroidei, one origin in the Centrogenyidae, and one origin within Beloniformes. Our analyses indicate that all pharyngognathous fishes have a mechanically efficient biting mechanism enabled by the muscular sling and a single lower jaw element. However, a major distinction exists between Labridae, which lacks the widespread, generalized percomorph pharyngeal biting mechanism, and all other pharyngognathous clades, which possess this generalized biting mechanism in addition to pharyngognathy. This suggests that labrids have a functionally more restricted pharyngeal system than all other pharyngognathous clades.
Data from: The evolution of pharyngognathy: a phylogenetic and functional appraisal of the pharyngeal jaw key innovation in labroid fishes and beyond
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Data from: Head shape modulates diversification of a classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
A Peacock Bass (Cichla) functional novelty relaxes a constraint imposed by the classic cichlid pharyngeal jaw innovation
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fig. 1 in Revisions of Anatomical Descriptions of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus in Moray Eels of the Family Muraenidae (Teleostei: Anguilliformes)
Fig. 1. (A) Gymnothorax buroensis, USNM 141541, 170 mm, left lateral view of head of cleared and stained specimen showing posterior position of gill arches. (B) Muraena lentiginosa, USNM 318298, 210 mm, left lateral view of gill arches in situ, showing external levators and first internal levator; second internal levator occluded. Cb, ceratobranchial; Eb, epibranchial; Ep, epaxialis; LE, levator externus; LI, levator internus; Sh, sternohyoideus.
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