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236 results for “pheromone”
Difference in effect of pheromone for monitoring the European spruce bark beetle
<p>In recent decades there have been an increasing number of outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle (<i>Ips typographus</i>) in Europe. A large amount of sanitary felling has taken place, with significant economic and ecological consequences. In order to anticipate such large-scale outbreaks, an effective monitoring system should be set up. One important aspect of monitoring is the decision on which pheromone to use. We suggest a framework for selecting an effective pheromone with few side effects and implemented it on five different pheromones under different disturbance conditions: Pheroprax, IT Ecolure, Ipstyp, Ipsowit and Typosan. We set 50 traps in two areas with sites that were disturbed and undisturbed by wind storms. We collected bark beetles from traps every one to two weeks from the end of March until the end of September in 2019. We investigated the number of bark beetles caught, bark beetle dynamics, amount of bycatch and predators, the taxonomic groups of the bycatch and the overall costs of the monitoring system. We found that Pheroprax, IT Ecolure and Ipsowit caught the most bark beetles and best showed the population dynamics. There was a low amount of bycatch (less than 6% of the total catch) and predators (a few individuals), but some groups seem to prefer certain pheromones. The cost of the pheromones increased with their effectiveness. However, pheromone costs are low relative to the personnel costs involved in setting traps and collecting bark beetles. The framework and the results will help professionals to decide which pheromones to purchase for their bark beetle monitoring system.</p>
Data from: Male lake char release taurocholic acid as part of a mating pheromone
<p>The evolutionary origins of sexual preferences for chemical signals remain poorly understood, due, in part, to scant information on the molecules involved. In the current study, we identified a male pheromone in lake char (<em>Salvelinus namaycush</em>) to evaluate the hypothesis that it exploits a nonsexual preference for juvenile odour. In anadromous char species, the odour of stream-resident juveniles guides migratory adults into spawning streams. Lake char are also attracted to juvenile odour but have lost the anadromous phenotype and spawn on nearshore reefs, where juvenile odour does not persist long enough to act as a cue for spawning site selection by adults. Previous behavioural data raised the possibility that males release a pheromone that includes components of juvenile odour. Using metabolomics, we found that the most abundant molecule released by males was also released by juveniles but not females. Tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to identify the molecule as taurocholic acid (TCA), which was previously implicated as a component of juvenile odour. Additional chemical analyses revealed that males release TCA at high rates via their urine during the spawning season. Finally, picomolar concentrations of TCA attracted prespawning and spawning females but not males. Taken together, our results indicate male lake char release TCA, a mating pheromone, and support the hypothesis that the pheromone is a partial match of juvenile odour.</p> <p><span> </span></p>
Data from: Do pheromones contribute to the persistence of asexual populations in a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect?
<p>Facultative parthenogenesis is a form of reproduction in which females can either lay unfertilised eggs that typically develop into female offspring only, or mate and lay fertilised eggs that develop into male and female offspring. Facultative parthenogens often occur in mixed-sex populations where reproduction is mostly sexual, and all-female populations where reproduction is asexual. How all-female populations avoid invasion by males remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of volatile and non-volatile (cuticular hydrocarbons, CHCs) pheromones in the persistence of all-female populations in the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect, <em>Megacrania </em><em>batesii</em>. We found that <em>M. batesii</em> exhibits slight sexual dimorphism in antenna morphology, and behavioural assays provided little evidence that males could locate females solely by volatile pheromones. However, CHC profiles differed substantially between different types of females. Analysis of CHC structure and abundance indicated a clear genetic difference between females from all-female versus mixed-sex populations, as well as a maternal effect of female parthenogenesis versus sexual development. Together, our results suggest that males might rely more on close-range chemical cues to differentiate females, and chemical communication could play a role in the persistence of all-female populations.</p>
Figure 3 in Response of Invasive Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Lamiinae) to Known Cerambycid Aggregation-Sex Pheromones in the Puna District of Hawaii Island
Figure 3. Mean (± SE) numbers of PLB (Lagocheirus obsoletus) caught in traps baited with solvent control, fuscumol acetate, or monochamol (experiment 1). Means with an asterisk are significantly different than the solvent control (max-t test, p <0.05).
Figure 2 in Response of Invasive Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Lamiinae) to Known Cerambycid Aggregation-Sex Pheromones in the Puna District of Hawaii Island
Figure 2. Mean (± SE) numbers of QLB (Acalolepta aesthetica) caught in traps baited with solvent control, fuscumol, fuscumol acetate, geranylacetone, or a blend of the three compounds (experiment 2). There were no significant differences between the treatments and the solvent control (max-t test, p> 0.05).
Figure 1 in Response of Invasive Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Lamiinae) to Known Cerambycid Aggregation-Sex Pheromones in the Puna District of Hawaii Island
Figure 1. Mean (± SE) numbers of QLB (Acalolepta aesthetica) caught in traps baited with solvent control, fuscumol acetate, or monochamol (experiment 1). There were no significant differences between the treatments and the solvent control (max-t test, p> 0.05).
Figure 4 in Response of Invasive Longhorn Beetles (Coleoptera: Lamiinae) to Known Cerambycid Aggregation-Sex Pheromones in the Puna District of Hawaii Island
Figure 4. Mean (± SE) numbers of PLB (Lagocheirus obsoletus) caught in traps baited with solvent control, fuscumol, fuscumol acetate, geranylacetone, or a blend of the three compounds (experiment 2). Means with an asterisk are significantly different than the solvent control (max-t test, p <0.05).
Fig. 2 in Effect of the height and distribution pattern of pheromone-baited traps on the capture of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) on blue agave (Asparagales: Asparagaceae)
Fig. 2. Mean (+ SE) numbers and sex ratios of Scyphophorus acupunctatus weevils captured per trap with various distribution pattern of traps in the field. Treatments with similar letters are not significantly different (Tukey's test, a = 0.05).
Fig. 1 in Effect of the height and distribution pattern of pheromone-baited traps on the capture of Scyphophorus acupunctatus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) on blue agave (Asparagales: Asparagaceae)
Fig. 1. Distribution and arrangement of traps in the experiment of distribution pattern of traps, using 4 treatments: 1) traps placed in a triangle pattern with an inter-trap distance of 100 m; 2) traps placed a square with an inter-trap distance of 100 m; 3) traps placed in a triangle with an inter-trap distance of 200 m; and 4) traps placed in a square with an inter-trap distance of 200 m.
Fig. 3 in Captures of Stenoma catenifer (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) are influenced by pheromone trap density in Hass avocado orchards
Fig. 3. Mean cumulative number by treatment of Stenoma catenifer (IC95) caught in traps baited with synthetic sex pheromones at different trap densities in Hass avocado orchards, Colima, Mexico, during the experiment in 2018. Means with the same lowercase letter are not significantly different from each other according to Tukey's test (X0.05). 1T2h = 0.5 traps per ha; 1Th = 1 trap per ha; 2Th = 2 traps per ha; 3Th = 3 traps per ha.
Fig. 5 in Captures of Stenoma catenifer (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) are influenced by pheromone trap density in Hass avocado orchards
Fig. 5. Relationship between total number of Stenoma catenifer caught in different treatments in 4 Hass avocado orchards in Colima, Mexico, 2018. 1T2h = 0.5 traps per ha; 1Th = 1 trap per ha; 2Th = 2 traps per ha; 3Th = 3 traps per ha.
Fig. 2 in Captures of Stenoma catenifer (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) are influenced by pheromone trap density in Hass avocado orchards
Fig. 2. Number of Stenoma catenifer caught in synthetic sex pheromone traps placed at different densities (1 T2h, 1Th, 2Th, and 3Th: treatments, number of traps per area) and in different Hass avocado orchards (1–4 of the Y right axis) in the municipalities of Comala and Cuauhtémoc, Colima, Mexico, 2018. The columns correspond to treatments and the rows to experimental orchards. 1T2h = 0.5 traps per ha; 1Th = 1 trap per ha; 2Th = 2 traps per ha; 3Th = 3 traps per ha.
Fig. 4 in Captures of Stenoma catenifer (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) are influenced by pheromone trap density in Hass avocado orchards
Fig. 4. Nonparametric bootstrap sampling distribution of the total numbers of Stenoma catenifer caught in experimental plots (CI95%) (1–4) in the linear model of the different orchards. The black dot on each line indicates the mean value of the total for each of the treatments. 1T2h = 0.5 traps per ha; 1Th = 1 trap per ha; 2Th = 2 traps per ha; 3Th = 3 traps per ha.
Fig. 3 in Bile acids as potential pheromones in pintado catfish Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829): eletrophysiological and behavioral studies
Fig. 3. Time spent in each compartment when Pseudoplatystoma corruscans were stimulated by taurocholic acid (TCA) and controls. TCA response was significantly different from distilled water (paired t test: 3.94, P = 0.0005) as indicated by an asterisk.
Fig. 1 in Bile acids as potential pheromones in pintado catfish Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829): eletrophysiological and behavioral studies
Fig. 1. Electrolfactogram responses of pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans to five representative bile acids. Response magnitudes are normalized as percentages of response to 10-5 M L-serine (mean ± SEM). CA = Cholic acid, TCA = taurocholic acid, TCD = taurochenodeoxicholic acid, CD = chenodeoxycholic acid, DC = deoxycholic acid.
Fig. 4 in Bile acids as potential pheromones in pintado catfish Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829): eletrophysiological and behavioral studies
Fig. 4. Number of movements of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans stimulated by taurocholic acid (TCA) and controls. Response to TCA was significantly higher than distilled water comparison for each behavior. Dunn's multiple comparisons test, P<0.05, as indicated by an asterisk. Top over the bars: type of movements in each stimuli.
Fig. 3 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 3. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) of virgin and mated Copitarsia decolora males to female sex pheromone extract (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 1. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) by age group of virgin males in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 4. Depolarization (mean ± SEM) of antennae in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) of virgin and mated males. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 6, P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) response to pyramid traps baited with attractive light and pheromonal stimuli
Fig. 1. Standard black pyramid trap with PHER lure (A) and modified pyramid trap with narrow blue fluorescent light (B).
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