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Fig. 3. Evolutionary analysis conducted through a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree between the cox1 in Detection of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in leafoppers collected in native corn crops grown at high elevations in southeast Mexico

Fig. 3. Evolutionary analysis conducted through a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree between the cox1 mini-barcode sequences obtained for the red speckled nymphs and Idiodonus wickhami (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) (both marked with a circle) with reference sequences from GenBank. Bar 5 substitution in 100 positions.

Fig. 4. Evolutionary analysis conducted through a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree between the 16S in Detection of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in leafoppers collected in native corn crops grown at high elevations in southeast Mexico

Fig. 4. Evolutionary analysis conducted through a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree between the 16S rRNA sequences amplified in this study from phytoplasma DNA, bar 1 substitution in 100 positions. Sequences in the grey square belong to the subgroup 16SrI-B. Sequences amplified from leafoppers (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) Dalbulus elimatus marked with a circle and from Idiodonus wickhami marked with a square.

Fig. 7 in Detection of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in leafoppers collected in native corn crops grown at high elevations in southeast Mexico

Fig. 7. Single nucleotide polymorphism of cpn60 UT sequences amplified from Dalbulus elimatus and Idiodonus wickhami compared with the 16SrI-B strains maize bushy stunt-Col (AB599712), maize bushy stunt-Pueb (KT444672), maize bushy stunt-Ver (KT444673), AVUT (AB599686), AY-27 (AB599688), and AY2192 (AB599687). (A) Similarities between the maize bushy stunt strains and the sequences obtained from the leafoppers. (B) Similarity between maize bushy stuntPueb and the phytoplasma detected associated with Idiodonus wickhami and similarity between maize bushy stunt-Col and maize bushy stunt-Ver with the phytoplasma associated with Dalbulus elimatus, based on SNP in cpn60 UT sequences.

Fig. 2 in Detection of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in leafoppers collected in native corn crops grown at high elevations in southeast Mexico

Fig. 2. Idiodonus wickhami Ball. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). (A) Dorsal view, (B) ventral view, (C) vertex, pronotum and scutellum, (D) Male genitalia, (E-G) I. wickhami nymphs.

Fig. 6. Electrophoresis agarose gel showing RFLP pattern comparison between the F2 in Detection of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in leafoppers collected in native corn crops grown at high elevations in southeast Mexico

Fig. 6. Electrophoresis agarose gel showing RFLP pattern comparison between the F2nR2 sequences amplified from Dalbulus elimatus and Idiodonus wickhami digested with AluI, BstUI, HaeIII, HinfI, and Tsp509I. Molecular weight (MW) marker, 1 kb plus.

Fig. 1 in Detection of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in leafoppers collected in native corn crops grown at high elevations in southeast Mexico

Fig. 1. Six of the 7 leafopper genera (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) detected in this study. Dorsal view of: (A) Dalbulus, (B) Macrosteles, (C) Amblysellus, (D) Graphocephala, (E) Erythridula, (F) Empoasca.

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationships generated from the 16S rRNA gene for 16 in A survey of auchenorrhynchan insects for identification of potential vectors of the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma in Florida

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationships generated from the 16S rRNA gene for 16SrIV phytoplasmas by using maximum likelihood (1,000 replicates) methods in MEGA. The 16S partial sequence amplified from Haplaxius crudus (indicated by the black triangle) and unidentified Cicadellidae specimen (indicated by the white triangle) from this study were included in the analysis.

Fig. 3 in A survey of auchenorrhynchan insects for identification of potential vectors of the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma in Florida

Fig. 3. (a) The number of insects tested positive for the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma by nested polymerase chain reaction assays; (b) Total number of major auchenorrhynchan insects collected by sticky traps at the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center from 11 Oct 2017 to 2 Nov 2018. Different scales for the number of specimens (y-axis) were used to fit the data ranges.

Fig. 2 in A survey of auchenorrhynchan insects for identification of potential vectors of the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma in Florida

Fig. 2. Species of auchenorrhynchans that were consistently collected by sticky traps at the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center. (a) Cedusa inflata (Derbidae); (b) Idioderma virescens (Membracidae); (c) Omolicna joi (Derbidae); (d) Haplaxius crudus (Cixiidae).

Fig. 1 in A survey of auchenorrhynchan insects for identification of potential vectors of the 16SrIV-D phytoplasma in Florida

Fig. 1. (a) Map of Florida, USA, showing Broward County in yellow; (b) South Florida showing the location of the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center labeled in a circle; (c) Map of the Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center study area showing the locations of the sticky traps according to the trap identification in red. The map was generated from Google Maps, Imagery@2019, DigitalGlobe, US Geological Survey, US Department of the Interior, Reston, Virginia, USA.

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Fig. 1 in Biodiversity, bugs, and barcodes: the Cicadellidae associated with grassland and phytoplasmas in the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia

Fig. 1. Accumulation curves for the observed species (S) and for the non-parametric estimators Chao 2, Jack 1 = Jackknife 1, Jack 2 = Jackknife 2, and Bootstrap from Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL) and Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (UMNG).

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Fig. 3 in Biodiversity, bugs, and barcodes: the Cicadellidae associated with grassland and phytoplasmas in the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia

Fig. 3. COI gene neighbor joining tree using Kimura-two-parameter (K2P) with 1,000 Bootstrap. The tree includes 77 leafopper sequences. Red Circles indicate the sequences of species captured at Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (UMNG) and triangles at Universidad Nacional de Colombia (UNAL).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in Biodiversity, bugs, and barcodes: the Cicadellidae associated with grassland and phytoplasmas in the Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia

Fig. 2. Capture rate per month of Exitianus atratus, Amplicephalus funzaensis, Borogonalia impressifrons, Dalbulus sp., and Haldorus sp. at Universidad Nacio- nal de Colombia (UNAL) and Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (UMNG).

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Aligned DNA sequence matrixes for the study of the divergent times of phytoplasmas

Sequence alignments of 16S rRNA and methionine aminopeptidase (map) are provided in FASTA files “Cao_et_al_16S.fas” and “Cao_et_al_map.fas”, respectively. Detailed information of the data matrixes is as follows:   File name: Cao_et_al_16S.fas Number of taxa: 220 Number of characters: 1655 Gap: -   File name: Cao_et_al_map.fas Number of taxa: 83 Number of characters: 564 Gap: -

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2019View details →

zenodo36/100

Aligned DNA sequence matrixes for the study of the divergent times of phytoplasmas

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opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Survival relative to new and ancestral host plants, phytoplasma infection and genetic constitution in host races of a polyphagous insect disease vector

Dissemination of vectorborne diseases depends strongly on the vector's host range and the pathogen's reservoir range. Because vectors interact with pathogens, the direction and strength of a vector's host shift is vital for understanding epidemiology and is embedded in the framework of ecological specialization. This study investigates survival in host-race evolution of a polyphagous insect disease vector, Hyalesthes obsoletus, whether survival is related to the direction of the host shift (from field bindweed to stinging nettle), the interaction with plant-specific strains of obligate vectored pathogens/symbionts (stolbur phytoplasma), and whether survival is related to genetic differentiation between the host races. We used a twice repeated, identical nested experimental design to study survival of the vector on alternative hosts and relative to infection status. Survival was tested with Kaplan–Meier analyses, while genetic differentiation between vector populations was quantified with microsatellite allele frequencies. We found significant direct effects of host plant (reduced survival on wrong hosts) and sex (males survive longer than females) in both host races and relative effects of host (nettle animals more affected than bindweed animals) and sex (males more affected than females). Survival of bindweed animals was significantly higher on symptomatic than nonsymptomatic field bindweed, but in the second experiment only. Infection potentially had a positive effect on survival in nettle animals but due to low infection rates the results remain suggestive. Genetic differentiation was not related to survival. Greater negative plant-transfer effect but no negative effect of stolbur in the derived host race suggests preadaptation to the new pathogen/symbiont strain before strong diversifying selection during the specialization process. Physiological maladaptation or failure to accept the ancestral plant will have similar consequences, namely positive assortative mating within host races and a reduction in the likelihood of oviposition on the alternative plant and thus the acquisition of alternative stolbur strains.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Sympatric diversification vs. immigration: deciphering host-plant specialization in a polyphagous insect, the stolbur phytoplasma vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae)

The epidemiology of vector transmitted plant diseases is highly influenced by dispersal and the host-plant range of the vector. Widening the vector's host range may increase transmission potential, whereas specialization may induce specific disease cycles. The process leading to a vector's host shift and its epidemiological outcome is therefore embedded in the frameworks of sympatric evolution vs. immigration of preadapted populations. In this study, we analyse whether a host shift of the stolbur phytoplasma vector, Hyalesthes obsoletus from field bindweed to stinging nettle in its northern distribution range evolved sympatrically or by immigration. The exploitation of stinging nettle has led to outbreaks of the grapevine disease bois noir caused by a stinging nettle-specific phytoplasma strain. Microsatellite data from populations from northern and ancestral ranges provide strong evidence for sympatric host-race evolution in the northern range: Host-plant associated populations were significantly differentiated among syntopic sites (0.054 < FHT < 0.098) and constant over 5 years. While gene flow was asymmetric from the old into the predicted new host race, which had significantly reduced genetic diversity, the genetic identity between syntopic host-race populations in the northern range was higher than between these populations and syntopic populations in ancestral ranges, where there was no evidence for genetic host races. Although immigration was detected in the northern field bindweed population, it cannot explain host-race diversification but suggests the introduction of a stinging nettle-specific phytoplasma strain by plant-unspecific vectors. The evolution of host races in the northern range has led to specific vector-based bois noir disease cycles.

publicJan 2013View details →

Data from: Sympatric diversification vs. immigration: deciphering host-plant specialization in a polyphagous insect, the stolbur phytoplasma vector Hyalesthes obsoletus (Cixiidae)

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