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FIGURE 5 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 5 Histological growth of the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae on the example of the humerus UOPB 00120 (A-H). Pictures A, C, E and H were taken under normal transmitted light and pictures B, D, and F-G were taken under polarized light. Scale bars represent 1 cm for specimen A, 100 micrometres for specimens B-C, and 500 micrometres for specimens D-H. Abbreviations: eb = endosteal bone, ec = erosion cavity, hpfb = higher organized parallel-fibered bone, lpfb = lower organized parallelfibered bone, mc = medullary cavity, mr = medullary region, pos = primary osteon, sos = secondary osteon, subc = sub cycles, svc = simple vascular canal.

FIGURE 2 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 2 Morphology of the studied humeri of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus UOPB 00145 (A-D), and the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae UOBS 01906 (E-H). A and E in ventral view; B and F in dorsal view; C and G in proximal view; D and H in distal view. The arrows point to the histological plane of sectioning. Scale bars represent 5 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 1 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 1 Morphology of the studied femora of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus UOPB 00143 (A-D), and Nicrosaurus sp. SMNS 4381/2 (E-G), and the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae UOPB 00122 (H-K). A, E and H in lateral view; B, F and I in medial view; C, G and J in proximal view; D and K in distal view. The arrows point to the histological plane of sectioning. Scale bars represent 5 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 4 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 4 Histological growth of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus on the example of the humerus UOPB 00145 (A-D) and the Nicrosaurus sp. femur SMNS 4381/2. Pictures A, C, E-F and H were taken under normal transmitted light and pictures B, D and G were taken under polarized light. Scale bars represent 1 cm for specimens A and E, 500 micrometres for specimens B-C, F-H and 100 micrometres for specimen D. Abbreviations: eb = endosteal bone, ec = erosion cavity, hpfb = higher organized parallel-fibered bone, LAG = Line of Arrested Growth, lpfb = lower organized parallel-fibered bone, mc = medullary cavity, mrl = multiple resting lines, pos = primary osteon, sos = secondary osteon, svc = simple vascular canal, tr = trabecular region.

FIGURE 7 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 7 Growth pattern of the sectioned aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae humeri (A: UOPB 00135, B: UOPB 00120, C: UOBS 02496, D: UOBS 02363, E: UOBS 01906, F: UOPB 00136, G: UOPB 00142, H: UOPB 00121, I: UOBS 02828, and J: UOPB 00137). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A-B and H preserve four growth cycles, specimen C, E, G, and I preserve three growth cycles, specimen D and J preserve two growth cycles and specimen F preserved six growth cycles. The arrows in specimens A-C, E, and H-J indicate sub-cycles. Humeri are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 3 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 3 Mid-diaphyseal cross-sections of all sectioned specimens showing the bone microanatomy of the phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370 and humerus (D: UOPB 00145), and Nicrosaurus sp. femur (E: SMNS 4381/2), the aetosaur Stagonolepis olenkae femora (F: UOPB 00122, G: UOPB 00123) and humeri (H: UOPB 00135, I: UOPB 00120, J: UOBS 02496, K: UOBS 02363, L: UOBS 01906, M: UOPB 00136, N: UOPB 00142, O: UOPB 00121, P: UOBS 02828, and Q: UOPB 00137). Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

FIGURE 6 in Growth and limb bone histology of aetosaurs and phytosaurs from the Late Triassic Krasiejów locality (sw Poland) reveals strong environmental inFluence on growth pattern

FIGURE 6 Growth pattern of the sectioned phytosaurs Parasuchus cf. arenaceus femora (A: UOPB 00143, B: UOPB 01026, C: UOBS 03370) and humerus (D: UOPB 00145) and Nicrosaurus sp. (E: SMNS 4381/2). Half of the picture is taken under normal transmitted light and the other picture half is taken under polarized light. Please note, that the normally transmitted picture does not show informative histological features. The coloured bars show preserved and counted cycles (zone and annulus). Specimen A preserves five growth cycles, specimen B, C and D preserve six growth cycles, and specimen E preserves four growth cycles. Taxa are arranged accordingly to their bone length. Scale bar represents 1 cm for each specimen.

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Fig. 1 in Spinosaurs As Phytosaur Mimics: A Case Of Convergent Evolution Between Two Extinct Archosauriform Clades

Fig. 1. Convergently shared craniodental characters between Spinosauridae (A) and Phytosauria with "brachyrostral" skull (B). Characters: 1. anterior ends of premaxilla and dentary are rounded, laterally and ventrally expanded and bear enlarged teeth ("rosettes"); 2. a concavity posterior to the premaxillary "rosette" that bears smaller teeth that accommodates the lower jaw "rosette" when the mouth is closed, accompanied by a medial constriction of this part of a snout; 3. a ventrally convex margin of the upper jaw behind concavity bearing enlarged teeth; 4. down-turn of the upper jaw towards its tip so that the anteroventral part of the nondentigerous region of the premaxillary "rosette" is at the same level with the tooth row in more posterior region; 5. laterally flattened snout that is moderately deepened dorsoventrally, unlike the dorsoventrally compressed condition in crocodilians; 6. relatively small size of an antorbital fenestra; 7. a bony palate that is formed by medial extensions of adjacent bones (e.g., premaxilla, maxilla); 8. a concavity in the anterior part of the dentary that receives a ventral expansion of the upper jaw; 9. lower teeth behind the dentary "rosette" significantly smaller than those of the "rosette". Images used in A are modified from Bertin (2010) and Ibrahim et al.

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Fig. 2 in Spinosaurs As Phytosaur Mimics: A Case Of Convergent Evolution Between Two Extinct Archosauriform Clades

Fig. 2. Cranial evolution of Phytosauria (A) and Spinosauridae (B), with lateral and dorsal views of the skull/snout, shared morphological changes highlighted. Phytosauria is represented by the early-diverging, dolichorostral Parasuchus hislopi and the laterdiverging, brachyrostral Machaeroprosopus mccauleyi. Spinosauridae is represented by the early-diverging Suchomimus tenerensis and the later-diverging Spinosaurus aegyptiacus. Images used in A are modified from Datta et al. (2021), and those of B, from Sereno et al. (1998) and Ibrahim et al. (2020), respectively.

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Fig. 3 in Spinosaurs As Phytosaur Mimics: A Case Of Convergent Evolution Between Two Extinct Archosauriform Clades

Fig. 3. Differences between the snouts of early-diverging (Baryonyx walkeri, after Bertin, 2010) and later-diverging (Oxalaia quilombensis, after Kellner et al., 2011) spinosaurid taxa in ventral (A) and lateral (B) views, with morphological differences highlighted.

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Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy

Detailed description and phylogenetic assessment of a phytosaur skull collected from the Tiki Formation of the Rewa Gondwana Basin of India and earlier diagnosed as Parasuchus hislopi, shows that it pertains to a new genus and species, Volcanosuchus statisticae. The new taxon is characterized by marginal overlapping of the nostrils by the antorbital fenestrae, external nares situated on a bulbous and raised dome, the lateral surface of the jugal ornamented by a prominent ridge defined by multiple tubercles and radiating thread-like structures, and distinct ornamentation patterns on the rostrum and skull table. Phylogenetic analysis nests Volcanosuchus within Mystriosuchinae where it forms a sister taxon to (Rutiodon + Leptosuchomorpha) and marks the transition between the basal Parasuchidae and more derived Mystriosuchinae phytosaurs. Evolution of the phytosaur skulls resulted in changes from non-overlapping nostril and antorbital fenestra to an overlapping state, anteroposterior elongation of the exoccipital and supraoccipital shelf, appearance of a median ridge on the basioccipital, and reduction of the supratemporal fenestra. Considerable faunal overlap of the Tiki Formation is evident with the lower Maleri Formation, which is late Carnian based on Hyperodapedon, Parasuchus, and Exaeretodon. The Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America, and ranges from late Carnian to early/middle Norian.

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Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy

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Figure 5 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 5. Paleorhinus angustifrons (Kuhn, 1936), BSPG 1931 X 502. Close-up photographs of holotype skull. A, external nares in dorsal view (anterior of specimen to right). B, lateral margin of left external naris in lateral view (anterior of specimen to left). C, left antorbital fenestra in lateral view. D, main body of right jugal in lateral view, showing nodular row ventral to the orbit. E, nasofrontal region of skull roof in dorsal view. F, right lateral part of dorsal skull roof in dorsal view. Abbreviations: afen, antorbital fenestra; afos, antorbital fossa; alvr, alveolar ridge; asc, ascending process of maxilla; convx, convexities along lateral rim of the external naris; en, external naris; fdp, depression on anterior end of frontal; fl, laterally flared posterolateral margin of external naris; fr, frontal; gr, groove; itf, infratemporal fenestra; jg, jugal; jgb, series of bosses on lateral surface of jugal; jmri, ridge on jugal and maxilla; lc, lacrimal; lpw, lateral parietal wing; max, maxilla; na, nasal; na-fr, nasal–frontal suture; na-prf, nasal-prefrontal suture; ndp, depression on anterior end of nasal; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; pmp, posteromedial process of the premaxilla; po, postorbital; pof, postfrontal; prf, prefrontal; prod, pre-orbital depression; rec, reconstructed skull surface; sm?, probable position of septomaxilla; sq, squamosal; sqd, depression on dorsal surface of the squamosal; stf, supratemporal fenestra; thor, thickened orbital rim; tp.pmp, tip of the posteromedial process of the premaxilla.

Figure 1 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 1. Geographical and stratigraphic setting of the Ebrach locality. A, map of Bavaria and surrounding regions showing the outcrop of Keuper (mostly terrestrial late Middle Triassic–Late Triassic) rocks within Bavaria and the location of Ebrach (marked with a star). B, German Middle Keuper stratigraphy (right), with the standardized German stratigraphic scheme shown in the left-hand columns and the local Bavarian equivalents in the right-hand columns (stratigraphic level of Ebrach marked with a star). C, stratigraphic profile at the Ebrach quarry as mapped by Kuhn (1933; schematic log modified from Emmert, 1985: fig. 18). D, photograph of the Ebrach quarry (from Emmert, 1985: fig. 17). The quarry has been filled in since this photograph was taken and is no longer accessible.

Figure 7 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 7. Paleorhinus angustifrons (Kuhn, 1936), BSPG 1931 X 502. Close-up photographs of holotype skull. A, braincase and posterior palate in ventral view. B, anterior end of skull in ventral view. C, choanae, vomers, palatines, and anterior parts of pterygoids in ventral view. D, left ectopterygoid, suborbital fenestra, and surrounding areas in ventral view. Abbreviations: alvr, alveolar ridge; afpt, anterior flange of the pterygoid; atpal, anterior termination of the palatine; bpt, basipterygoid process; bt, basal tuber; cho, choana; clt, cultriform process; conc, concavity on ventral surface of basisphenoid; dep, depression; dmfpal, dorsomedial flange of the palatine; ect, ectopterygoid; ectf, ectopterygoid foramen; jg, jugal; lfpt, lateral flange of pterygoid; max, maxilla; mppt, medial process of pterygoid; occ, occipital condyle; pal, palatine; par, paroccipital process; pm, premaxilla; pm-max, approximate position of the premaxilla–maxilla contact; pexv, posterior transverse expansion of the vomers; ptqd, pterygoid process of quadrate; qdpt, quadrate process of pterygoid; slt, median slot on basioccipital between basal tubera; stgr, stapedial groove; sub, suborbital fenestra; v, vomer.

Figure 3 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 3. Paleorhinus angustifrons (Kuhn, 1936), BSPG 1931 X 502. Photographs of holotype skull in dorsal (A), ventral (B), posterior (C), and left lateral (D) views. Asterisks show positions of transverse sections shown in Figure 8.

Figure 2 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 2. Historical photographs and drawings of lost phytosaur specimens from Ebrach. A, B, D, photographs (A, B) and drawing (D) of the holotype of Francosuchus broilii (from Kuhn, 1933). C, photograph of the holotype of Francosuchus latus (from Kuhn, 1933). Both specimens were destroyed during World War II. No scale bars were provided with the original illustrations, so scale bars are based upon the table of measurements provided by Kuhn (1933).

Figure 9. Ebrachosuchus neukami Kuhn, 1936, BSPG 1931 X 501 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 9. Ebrachosuchus neukami Kuhn, 1936, BSPG 1931 X 501. Photographs of holotype skull in dorsal (A), ventral (B), left lateral (C), right lateral (D), and posterior (E) views. Asterisks show positions of transverse sections shown in Figure 14.

Figure 14. Ebrachosuchus neukami Kuhn, 1936, BSPG 1931 X 501. A in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 14. Ebrachosuchus neukami Kuhn, 1936, BSPG 1931 X 501. A, cross section (from CT data) through premaxillary rosette. B–H, series of transverse cross sections (from CT data) in posterior view moving from anterior (B) to posterior (H). Positions of sections are shown in Figure 9. B, section across the premaxillae approximately 60 mm anterior to the external nares. C, section across the rostrum at a point level with the anterior end of the external nares. D, section across rostrum, immediately posterior to external nares. E, section across rostrum, choanae, and antorbital fenestra, at approximate midpoint of antorbital fenestra. F, section across frontal, prefrontal, lacrimal, and jugal, a short distance anterior to the anterior margin of the orbit. G, section across the anterior margin of the orbit. H, section across orbits at their midpoint. Bone is white to light grey in colour, sediment and reconstructed bone is dark grey in colour, air is black. Abbreviations: afen, antorbital fenestra; alv, alveolus; cho, choana; clt, cultriform process; cr, crown; ect, ectoptergoid; edt, edentulous region of premaxilla; en, external naris; fr, frontal; intpms, interpremaxillary suture; itf, infratemporal fenestra; jg, jugal; jgc, canal within body of jugal; jgfo, fossa on lateral surface of jugal; jgri, ridge on lateral surface of jugal; lc, lacrimal; lccn, lacrimal canal, with smaller canals branching off it ventrally and laterally; lcfl, medial flange of the lacrimal; max, maxilla; mcv, median cavity; na, nasal; nacon, concavity on ventral surface of nasal; nvc, neurovascular canal; orb, orbit; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; prf, prefrontal; prod, pre-orbital depression; pt, pterygoid; sep, 'septomaxilla'; sub, suborbital fenestra; v, vomer. Numbers indicate tooth positions in the premaxillary rosette.

Figure 17 in Redescription of the phytosaurs Paleorhinus ('Francosuchus') angustifrons and Ebrachosuchus neukami from Germany, with implications for Late Triassic biochronology

Figure 17. Strict component consensus (SCC) tree of 15 MPTs of 117 steps generated by the phylogenetic analysis. Bootstrap proportions are listed to the lower left of nodes (only for clades with bootstrap proportions of more than 50%). Decay indices are listed to the upper left of nodes (only for clades with a decay index of more than 1). In addition to the clades marked, a bootstrap proportion of 59% was found for a Brachysuchus + Angistorhinus clade (although this does not appear in the SCC).