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25 results for “pioneer tree”
Demographic differentiation among pioneer tree species during old-field succession of a Neotropical rainforest
<p>Early pioneer species share life histories enabling them to colonize disturbed sites, but how much they differ demographically and how such differentiation determines pioneer species turnover during succession are still open questions. Here, we approached these issues by comparing the demography of dominant pioneer tree species during the old-field succession of tropical rainforest in Southeast Mexico.</p> <p>We assessed changes in population density, population structure, vital rates, and intrinsic population growth rate (r) of the pioneer species Trema micrantha, Cecropia peltata, and Trichospermum mexicanum during the first 35 years of succession. For this, we combined chronosequence and long-term (from 2000 to 2018) data from 14 old-fields with 0.5-35 years fallow age.</p> <p>Trema colonized and disappeared first during succession (< 15 years), followed by Cecropia (< 28) and Trichospermum (> 31). All species exhibited hump-shaped successional trajectories of population density and biomass with Trema reaching a peak first, followed by Cecropia and later Trichospermum. Species exhibited a fast reduction in r with fallow age, with Trema reaching negative growth rates (r < 0) in the third, Cecropia in the fourth, and Trichospermum in the seventh year of succession. Recruitment, growth, and mortality rates of seedlings and juveniles defined the period of population increase and the age of succession at which each species reached maximum density and biomass. The mortality rate in mature stages determined how long each species persisted during succession. An important variation in species replacement occurred among study sites. In some sites one species was abundant and the others were almost absent, while it was the opposite in other sites. We inferred that priority inhibitory effects operated among species during the field colonization.</p> <p>Synthesis: Although Trema, Cecropia, and Trichospermum are considered typical pioneer trees, these species differed importantly in their demographic attributes during succession. The speed at which r declined with age of succession indicated the moment at which each species reached its maximum density and species replacement sequence during succession. However, inter-specific priority inhibitory effects during field colonization may also be involved in the chance of colonization and replacement between species with similar regeneration strategies.</p>
Data from: Genotypic traits and tradeoffs of fast growth in silver birch, a pioneer tree
<p>Fast-growing and slow-growing plant species are suggested to show integrated economics spectrums and the tradeoffs of fast growth are predicted to emerge as susceptibility to herbivory and resource competition. We tested if these predictions also hold for fast-growing and slow-growing genotypes within a silver birch, <i>Betula pendula</i> population. We exposed cloned saplings of 17 genotypes with slow, medium or fast height growth to reduced insect herbivory, using an insecticide, and to increasing resource competition, using naturally varying field plot grass cover. We measured shoot and root growth, ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungal production using ergosterol analysis and soil N transfer to leaves using <sup>15</sup>N-labelled pulse of NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>. We found that fast-growing genotypes grew on average 78% faster, produced 56% and 16% more leaf mass and ergosterol, and showed 78% higher leaf N uptake than slow-growing genotypes. The insecticide decreased leaf damage by 83% and increased shoot growth, leaf growth and leaf N uptake by 38%, 52% and 76%, without differences between the responses of fast-growing and slow-growing genotypes, whereas root mass decreased with increasing grass cover. Shoot and leaf growth of fast-growing genotypes decreased and EM fungal production of slow-growing genotypes increased with increasing grass cover. Our results suggest that fast growth is genotypically associated with higher allocation to EM fungi, better soil N capture and greater leaf production, and that the tradeoff of fast growth is sensitivity to competition, but not to insect herbivory. EM fungi may have a dual role: to support growth of fast-growing genotypes under low grass competition and to maintain growth of slow-growing genotypes under intensifying competition.</p>
Dataset: Recruitment of pioneer trees with physically dormant seeds under climate change conditions: the case of Vachellia pennatula (Fabaceae) in semiarid environments of Mexico
<p>This repository contains the files associated with the following article:</p> <p>Sandoval-Martínez J, JA Flores-Cano and EI Badano. Recruitment of pioneer trees with physically dormant seeds under climate change conditions: the case of <em>Vachellia pennatula</em> (Fabaceae) in semiarid environments of Mexico. <em>Journal of Plant Research</em>, 135, pp. 453-463. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-022-01383-y">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-022-01383-y</a></p> <p>The first Microsoft Excel file contains six sheets with the microclimatic data (photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature, relative humidity, soil temperature, rainfall and soil moisture) measured at controls under the current climate and climate change simulation plots located at each experimental site (Rio Bagres and Cañada Grande). The second Microsoft Excel file contains a single sheet with the data used to estimate the seedling emergence and survival rates from scarified and unscarified seeds of <em>Vachellia pennatula</em> in controls and climate change simulation plots at each experimental site (Rio Bagres and Cañada Grande).</p>
Soil variation response is mediated by growth trajectories rather than functional traits in a widespread pioneer Neotropical tree
<p>Description of Soil_DataTrees.csv</p> <ul> <li>Tree_label: Label of trees on the field, there are 70 trees</li> <li>Tree_site: Site on which the tree has been sampled; COU: Counami; SPA: Sparouine</li> <li>Descr_date: Date of tree sampling</li> <li>Soil_type: Type of soil; FS: ferralitic soils; WS: white-sand soils</li> <li>Soil_sample: Label of soil sample</li> <li>H2Osoil: Soil water content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Clay: Soil clay content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>SiltTh: Soil thin silt content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>SiltCo: Soil coarse silt content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>SandTh: Soil thin sand content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>SandCo: Soil coarse sand content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Csoil: Soil carbon content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Nsoil: Soil nitrogen content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>CNsoil: Soil carbon:nitrogen ratio</li> <li>MOsoil: Soil organic matter content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Ptotsoil: Soil total phosphorus content (g 100g<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Kcec: Soil potassium:CEC[cation-exchange capacity] ratio</li> <li>Cacec: Soil calcium:CEC ratio</li> <li>Mgcec: Soil magnesium:CEC ratio</li> <li>Nacec: Soil sodium:CEC ratio</li> <li>Alcec: Soil aluminum:CEC ratio</li> <li>Fecec: Soil iron:CEC ratio</li> <li>Mncec: Soil manganese:CEC ratio</li> <li>Hcec: Soil hydrogen:CEC ratio</li> <li>pHsoil: Soil pH (cmol kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>CECsoil: Soil cation-exchange capacity (cmol kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Indexsoil: Soil index of fertility = (K+Ca+Mg+Na)/CEC</li> </ul> <p>K, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Fe, Mn, H were initially measured in cmol kg<sup>-1</sup></p> <p> </p> <p>Description of Trait_DataTrees.csv</p> <ul> <li>Tree_label: Label of the tree on the field. There are 70 trees</li> <li>Tree_site: Site of sampling; COU: Counami; SPA: Sparouine</li> <li>Descr_date: Date of tree sampling</li> <li>Calendar_day: Day of the year (between 1 and 365) of tree sampling</li> <li>Soil_type: Type of the soil; FS: ferralitic soils; WS: white-sand soils</li> <li>PCA1_soil: Coordinates of the trees along the first axis of PCA (principal component analysis) with soil data, used as a quantitative soil index on FS-WS soil gradient</li> <li>mesHeight: Measured tree height (m)</li> <li>Height: Tree height based on the sum of all internodes length (m)</li> <li>Dbh: Tree diameter at height breast (cm)</li> <li>Age: Tree age (year)</li> <li>Order: Number of branching order</li> <li>Brtot: Total number of branches branching from the trunk</li> <li>Leaftot: Total number of leaves</li> <li>Fltot: Total number of inflorescences</li> <li>Acrown: Total estimated crown area (m²)</li> <li>INA1: Number of trunk internodes</li> <li>Brbear: Number of A2 bearing branches</li> <li>Brdead: Number of A2 dead branches</li> <li>Br1stH: First branching height</li> <li>Fl1stH: First flowering height</li> <li>Br1stIN: First branching node rank</li> <li>Fl1stIN: First flowering node rank</li> <li>Br1stAge: First branching age</li> <li>Fl1stAge: First flowering age</li> <li>LL: Leaf lifespan (day)</li> <li>Lpet: Petiole length (cm)</li> <li>Apet: Petiole cross-sectional area (mm²)</li> <li>Nlobe: Number of leaf lobes</li> <li>LMA: Leaf mass area (g m<sup>-2</sup>)</li> <li>Thleaf: Leaf thickness (µm)</li> <li>Aleaf: Estimated individual leaf area (cm²)</li> <li>Chlleaf: Leaf chlorophyll content (mg ml<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>H20resleaf: Leaf residual water content (%)</li> <li>dC13leaf: δ<sup>13</sup>C content (‰)</li> <li>Cleaf: Leaf carbon content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Nleaf: Leaf nitrogen content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>CNleaf: Leaf carbon:nitrogen ratio</li> <li>Pleaf: Leaf phosphorus content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>Kleaf: Leaf potassium content (g kg<sup>-1</sup>)</li> <li>WSG: Wood specific gravity (g cm<sup>-3</sup>)</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p> <ul> <li>Tree_label: Label of the tree</li> <li>Soil_type: Type of the soil; FS: ferralitic soils; WS: white-sand soils</li> <li>rank_base: Rank of the internode from the base of the tree</li> <li>rank_top: Rank of the internode from the apex of the tree</li> <li>phyllochron: Phyllochron, number of days for the production of one leaf</li> <li>date: Estimated date of tree germination</li> <li>nb_day_base: Number of days since estimated germination</li> <li>nb_day_top: Age of the internode in days at tree sampling</li> <li>AS_rank_base: Rank of the annual shoot from the base of the tree</li> <li>As_rank_top: Rank of the annual shoot from the apex of the tree</li> <li>AS_nodes_base: Number of internodes per annual shoot</li> <li>AS_length_base: Length of the annual shoot (cm)</li> <li>AS_br_base: Number of A2 branches on the annual shoot</li> <li>AS_flo_base: Number of inflorescences on the annual shoot</li> <li>lg_en: Internode length (cm)</li> <li>ht_en: Cumulated height of the tree based on the sum of internode length (cm)</li> <li>ma_lgen: Moving average of internode length</li> <li>resi_lgen: Residuals of internode length</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Data from: Contrasting sap flow characteristics between pioneer and late-successional tree species in secondary tropical montane forests of Eastern Himalaya, India
Abstract The interactive role of life-history traits and environmental forcing on plant-water relations is crucial for understanding species response to climate change but remains poorly understood in secondary tropical montane forests (TMFs). Comparing contrasting life-history traits (pioneer vs late-successional species) in a biodiverse Eastern Himalayan secondary TMF, we investigated sap flow responses in co-occurring pioneer species, Symplocos racemosa (n=5) and Eurya acuminata (n=5), and late-successional species, Castanopsis hystrix (n=3), using modified Granier's Thermal Dissipation probes. The fast-growing pioneers S. racemosa and E. acuminata) had 2.1- and 1.6-times higher sap flux density than the late-successional C. hystrix, respectively, and exhibited characteristics of long-lived pioneer species. Significant radial and azimuthal variability in sap flow (V) between species was observed and attributed to life history traits and the canopy's access to sunlight. Nocturnal V (1800-0500 hr) was 13.8 % of daily V and is attributed to stem recharge for evening V (1800-2300 hr) and to endogenous stomatal controls for pre-dawn V (0000-0500 hr). Both the shallow-rooted pioneer species exhibited midday depression in V attributed to photosensitivity and diel moisture stress response. In contrast, deep-rooted C. hystrix transpired unaffected across the dry season likely accessing groundwater. Thus, the secondary broadleaved TMFs, with the dominance of shallow-rooted pioneers, are more prone to the negative impacts of drier and warmer winters than primary forests, which are dominated by deep-rooted species. The study provides an empirical understanding of life-history traits and microclimate modulating plant-water use in widely distributed secondary TMFs in Eastern Himalaya and highlights their vulnerability against warmer winters and reduced snowfall due to climate change.
Data from: Genotypic traits and tradeoffs of fast growth in silver birch, a pioneer tree
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Data from: Contrasting sap flow characteristics between pioneer and late-successional tree species in secondary tropical montane forests of Eastern Himalaya, India
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Data from: Seed survival in tropical pioneer trees is unrelated to conspecific distance but linked to fungal infection
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Demographic differentiation among pioneer tree species during old-field succession of a Neotropical rainforest
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Data from: Fruit traits of pioneer trees structure seed dispersal across distances on tropical deforested landscapes: implications for restoration
<ol> <li>Pioneer trees with fleshy fruits are typically planted in restoration projects to attract frugivores as a mean to increase dispersal and accelerate forest regeneration. However, differences in fruit traits of pioneer trees can potentially influence dispersal and their restoration outcomes.</li> <li>Here we investigated the effects of bird and plant traits, and distance to forest fragments, on the seed rain using a tree-planting experiment replicated in 12 deforested sites in Brazil. Factors were fruit traits of pioneer trees (wind-dispersed, bird-dispersed with lipids or with carbohydrates, and controls) and distance (10, 50, 300 m) from forest fragments.</li> <li>We found that density and richness of birds and seeds decreased exponentially with distance from fragments, yet these effects were minor compared to the effects of fruit traits on the structure of the seed rain.</li> <li>Overall, plots with fleshy-fruited pioneers attracted much greater bird activity and seed dispersal than plots with wind-dispersal pioneers and the controls. For instance, plots with carbohydrate-rich fruits received more than twice the average species richness and density of birds and seeds of plots with lipid-rich pioneer trees, surpassing wind-dispersed pioneers by more than 80%, and controls by over 90%. Furthermore, the fruit trait treatments resulted in morphological shifts in the average traits of visiting birds. Significant differences in bill gape and flight capacities (wing-loading) were associated with the differences in the seed rain associated with each treatments.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Understanding how trait-matching processes mediating mutualistic seed dispersal by frugivores interact with distance-dependent dispersal limitation on deforested tropical landscapes is critical for improving forest restoration efforts. This is especially relevant in the context of applied nucleation. As shown here, avian seed dispersal can thus be manipulated in restoration projects in order to increase connectivity and speed up forest recovery and the provision of the multiple ecosystem services that follow forest succession.</li> </ol>
Data from: Can variation in seed removal patterns of Neotropical pioneer tree species be explained by local ant community composition?
<p>Many plants depend on animals for seed dispersal, and ants commonly fill this role. We examined if heterogeneity in ant community composition among sites, between above- and below-ground foraging guilds, or between seasons predicts observed variation in seed removal rates for 12 nonmyrmecochorous Neotropical pioneer tree species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. We also investigated if ants associated with removing seeds differed in specific morphological characters from the larger ant community. We observed ant-seed interactions at caches to determine which ants removed seeds of 12 tree species. We also sampled ant community composition by placing 315 pitfall traps and 160 subterranean traps across the five sites where seed removal rates were quantified. Above-ground ant community composition varied by site but not season. Among-site variation in ant composition did not predict seed removal patterns at these same sites. Below-ground ant communities differed from above-ground ant communities but were not structured by either site or seed cache type. Finally, ants that removed seeds did not differ morphologically from the broader ant community. Overall, our results suggest ant communities vary over relatively small spatial scales but exhibit a high degree of functional redundancy in terms of seed removal services provided for Neotropical pioneer tree species.</p>
Data from: Pollen flow in fragmented landscapes maintains genetic diversity following stand-replacing disturbance in a neotropical pioneer tree, Vochysia ferruginea Mart.
In forests with gap disturbance regimes, pioneer tree regeneration is typically abundant following stand-replacing disturbances, whether natural or anthropogenic. Differences in pioneer tree density linked to disturbance regime can influence pollinator behaviour and impact on mating patterns and genetic diversity of pioneer populations. Such mating pattern shifts can manifest as higher selfing rates and lower pollen diversity in old growth forest populations. In secondary forest, where more closely related pollen donors occur, an increase in biparental inbreeding is a potential problem. Here, we investigate the consequences of secondary forest colonisation on the mating patterns and genetic diversity of open-pollinated progeny arrays for the long-lived, self-compatible pioneer tree, Vochysia ferruginea, at two Costa Rican sites. Five microsatellite loci were screened across adult and seed cohorts from old growth forest with lower density, secondary forest with higher density, and isolated individual trees in pasture. Progeny from both old growth and secondary forest contexts were predominantly outcrossed (tm=1.00) and experienced low levels of biparental inbreeding (tm−ts=0.00–0.04). In contrast to predictions, our results indicated that the mating patterns of V. ferruginea are relatively robust to density differences between old growth and secondary forest stands. In addition, we observed that pollen-mediated gene flow possibly maintained the genetic diversity of open-pollinated progeny arrays in stands of secondary forest adults. As part of a natural resource management strategy, we suggest that primary forest remnants should be prioritised for conservation to promote restoration of genetic diversity during forest regeneration.
Fig. 5 in Phylogeography of three closely related myrmecophytic pioneer tree species in SE Asia: implications for species delimitation
Fig. 5 Distribution of the different ant species on their respective host plants M. constricta, M. griffithiana, and M. motleyana (including data from Quek et al. 2007 = lineages A, B, D, K, and G/H)
Fig. 2 in Phylogeography of three closely related myrmecophytic pioneer tree species in SE Asia: implications for species delimitation
Fig. 2 Statistical parsimony network based on cpDNA haplotype data, generated with the TCS program (Clement et al. 2000). Each circle represents a unique haplotype (indicated by numbers). Circle sizes are proportional to the number of individuals carrying the respective
Data manuscript Gomez et al. Facilitation by pioneer trees and herbivore exclusion allow regeneration of woody species in the semiarid ecosystem of central Chile. Applied Vegetation Science
<p>Data of the paper: Nicolás Gómez-Fernández, Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, Cristian A. Delpiano, Alejandro Miranda, Inao Vásquez, Pablo I. Becerra<span>. </span>Facilitation by pioneer trees and herbivore exclusion allow regeneration of woody species in the semiarid ecosystem of central Chile. Applied Vegetation Science</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Fruit traits of pioneer trees structure seed dispersal across distances on tropical deforested landscapes: implications for restoration
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Data from: Pollen flow in fragmented landscapes maintains genetic diversity following stand-replacing disturbance in a neotropical pioneer tree, Vochysia ferruginea Mart.
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Data from: Can variation in seed removal patterns of Neotropical pioneer tree species be explained by local ant community composition?
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Data from: Colonization of weakened trees by mass-attacking bark beetles: no penalty for pioneers, scattered initial distributions and final regular patterns
Bark beetles use aggregation pheromones to promote group foraging, thus increasing the chances of an individual to find a host and, when relevant, to overwhelm the defences of healthy trees. When a male beetle finds a suitable host, it releases pheromones that attract potential mates as well as other "spying" males, which results in aggregations on the new host. To date, most studies have been concerned with the use of aggregation pheromones by bark beetles to overcome the defences of living, well-protected trees. How insects behave when facing undefended or poorly defended hosts remains largely unknown. The spatio-temporal pattern of resource colonization by the European eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, was quantified when weakly defended hosts (fallen trees) were attacked. In many of the replicates, colonization began with the insects rapidly scattering over the available surface and then randomly filling the gaps until a regular distribution was established, which resulted in a constant decrease in nearest-neighbour distances to a minimum below which attacks were not initiated. The scattered distribution of the first attacks suggested that the trees were only weakly defended. A minimal theoretical distance of 2.5 cm to the earlier settlers (corresponding to a density of 3.13 attacks/dm²) was calculated, but the attack density always remained lower, between 0.4 and 1.2 holes/dm², according to our observations.
Data from: Colonization of weakened trees by mass-attacking bark beetles: no penalty for pioneers, scattered initial distributions and final regular patterns
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