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FIG. 3 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 3. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices: A, B, Pelargonium carnosum (L.) L'Hér.; A, stem, wood; B, stem, bands of libriform fibers; C-E, Moringa drouhardii Jum.; C, stem, diffused fibrous wood, lignification in ray parenchyma cells; D, stem, radial section; E, stem, secondary phloem dilatated; F, Oxalis megalorrhiza Jacq., stem, wood; G-I, Adenia glauca Schinz; G, green stem, cortex and phloem fiber caps; H, green stem, parenchymatous wood; I, caudex, parenchymatous wood. Abbreviations: lf, libriform fibers; r, rays; p, parenchyma cells; fp, fiber cap; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: 50 µm.
FIG. 2 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 2. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A, B, Momordica rostrata Zimm; A, caudex, septate fibers, tangential section; B, caudex, vessels with bordered pits; C-F, Jatropha curcas L.; C, caudex, solitary vessels, wood; D, caudex, fibrous wood; E, caudex, vessels, radial section; F, caudex, thin-walled libriform fibers, parenchyma with amyloplasts,radial section; G, H, Jatropha macrantha Müll. Arg.; G, stem, diffuse fibrous wood, thin-walled libriform fibers, septate and gelatinous fibers; H, stem, axial and ray parenchyma. Abbreviations: ur, uniseriate ray; br, biseriate ray; p, parenchyma; f, fibers; sp, secondary phloem; ct, conjunctive tissue; sf, septate fibers; v, vessel; lf, libriform fibers. Scale bars: A, C-H, 50 µm; B, 10 µm.
FIG. 1 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 1. — Transverse sections of stems and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A-C, Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult.; A, stem, bicollateral bundle; B, caudex, cortex laticifers and fibrous wood; C, caudex, fibrous wood, thin-walled libriform fibers, tangential section; D-F, Ceropegia africana R. Br.; D, stem, bicollateral bundles; E, stem, extraxylary gelatinous fibers; F, caudex, conjunctive tissue, parenchyma cells are proliferated in wood; G-I, Momordica rostrata Zimm; G, stem, wood; H, caudex, wood; I, caudex, conjunctive tissue bordered by secondary phloem. Abbreviations: bc, bicollateral bundle; l, laticifer; p, parenchyma cells; gf, gelatinous fibers; ct, conjunctive tissue; pw, parenchymatous wood; fw, fibrous wood; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: 50 µm.
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)
Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants
<p>Quantifying the relative contribution of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. Alternatively, selection can limit phenotypic (co)variation if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces (amphistomatous) presents a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective pressures because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface implies that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development makes it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in amphistomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface diverges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata arises in part because there is a limited range of evolutionary optima. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.</p>
Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants
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FIG. 4 in Stem and caudex anatomy of succulent plant species
FIG. 4. — Transverse sections of stem and caudices, unless otherwise noted: A-C, Adenia glauca Schinz; A, caudex, conjunctive tissue; B, caudex, wood gelatinous fibers; C, caudex, parenchymatous wood; D-E, Cyphostemma juttae (Dinter & Gilg) Desc.; D, stem, multiseriate rays; E, caudex, parenchymatous wood; F, caudex wood, vasicentric enlarged axial parenchyma. Abbreviations: mr, multiseriate rays; sp, secondary phloem; ct, conjunctive tissue; p, enlarged parenchyma cells. Scale bars: 50 µm.
Data from: Plant functional groups within a tropical forest exhibit different wood functional anatomy
Understanding the anatomical basis of plant water transport in forest ecosystems is crucial for contextualizing community-level adaptations to drought, especially in life-form-rich tropical forests. To provide this context, we explored wood functional anatomy traits related to plant hydraulic architecture across different plant functional groups in a lowland tropical rain forest. We measured wood traits in 90 species from six functional groups (mature-phase, understorey and pioneer trees; understorey and pioneer shrubs; vines) and related these traits to intrinsic water-use efficiency (WUEi) as a measure of physiological performance. We also examined vessel size distribution patterns across groups to determine trade-offs in theoretical hydraulic safety vs. efficiency. Some plant functional groups exhibited significant differences in vessel parameters and WUEi. Vessel diameters in vines and pioneer trees were two- to threefold greater on average than in understorey trees and shrubs. Contrastingly, vessels in understorey trees and shrubs fell within the smaller size classes, suggesting greater safety mechanisms. In addition to these trends, large vessel dimensions were important predictors of WUEi among the functional groups. We conclude that wood functional anatomy profiles varied across plant functional groups in a tropical rain forest. These groups can therefore serve as a framework for further investigations on structure–function relationships and a sound basis for modelling species responses to drought.
Data from: Plant functional groups within a tropical forest exhibit different wood functional anatomy
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Experimentation of Formaldehyde Purification by Plants in the Anatomy and Cytology Department
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07264504. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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