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80 results for “plant defences”
Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence on four Crotalaria host plants
<p>This dataset consists of data from three experiments testing how four different Crotalaria host plants affect Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence against a spider.</p> <p>The data are to be published in a paper accepted in Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata</p>
Pollen chemical and mechanical defences restrict host-plant use by bees
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Data from: The effect of root-associated microbes on plant growth and chemical defence traits across two contrasted elevations,
<p>1. Ecotypic differences in plant growth and anti-herbivore defence phenotypes are determined by the complex interactions between the abiotic and the biotic environment.</p> <p>2. Root-associated microbes (RAMs) are pervasive in nature, vary over climatic gradients, and have been shown to influence the expression of multiple plant functional traits related to biomass accumulation and biotic interactions. We addressed how variation in climatic conditions between lowland and sub-alpine habitats in the Alps and RAMs can independently or interactively affect plant growth and anti-herbivore defence trait expression.</p> <p>3. To address the contribution of climate and RAMs on growth and chemical defences of high- and low-elevation Plantago major ecotypes, we performed a full-factorial reciprocal transplant field experiment at two elevations. We coupled it with plant functional trait measurements and metabolomics analyses.</p> <p>4. We found that local growing climatic conditions mostly influenced how the ecotypes grew, but we also found that the high- and low-elevation ecotypes improved biomass accumulation if in the presence of their own-elevation RAMs. Second, we found that while chemical defence expression was affected by climate, they were also more highly expressed when plants were inoculated with low elevation RAMs.</p> <p>5. Synthesis – Our research demonstrated that RAMs from contrasted elevations impact how plants grow or synthesize toxic secondary metabolites. At low elevation, where biotic interactions are stronger, RAMs enhance plant biomass accumulation and the production of toxic secondary metabolites.</p>
Short-term resistance that persists: Rapidly induced silicon anti-herbivore defence affects carbon-based plant defences
<p><b>1. </b>Silicon (Si) is known to alleviate diverse biotic and abiotic stresses including insect herbivory.<b> </b>Si accumulation in plants, notably the Poaceae, can be induced through stimulation of the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway (associated with chewing herbivores). Nevertheless, the temporal dynamics of Si accumulation as a defence response and its consequential effects on carbon-based defences (e.g. phenolics), particularly in the short-term, remain unclear.</p> <p><b>2. </b>The model grass <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> was grown in a hydroponic solution where half the plants were supplemented with 2 mM potassium silicate and half had no Si supplied. Plants were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as a form of standardised simulated herbivory. We measured Si accumulation, the phytohormones JA and salicylic acid (SA), and carbon-based defences over 24 hours to determine the temporal dynamics of Si accumulation and the interplay between Si, simulated herbivory and plant defence machinery.</p> <p><b>3. </b>MeJA-induced Si accumulation occurred as early as 6 hours after treatment via increased JA concentrations. Si supplementation decreased SA concentrations, which could have implications on additional downstream defences. We show a trade-off between Si and phenolics in untreated plants, but this relationship was weakened upon MeJA treatment. Further, this trade-off did not apply to phenolic precursor compounds such as phenylalanine.</p> <p><span><b>4. </b>We provide evidence for rapidly induced Si accumulation associated with herbivory, and that increased Si accumulation impacts on phytohormones and carbon-based defences over a 24-hour period. Additionally, herbivory modifies the relationship between Si- and carbon-based defences. Thus, in addition to its well-documented role as a long-term defence against herbivores, we demonstrate that, over short-term temporal scales, Si accumulation responds to herbivore signals and impacts on plant defence machinery. </span></p>
Plant carbohydrate-active enzymes in bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis): identification, classification and function in lignocellulose biosynthesis in herbivore defence
<p><i><span>Neosinocalamus affinis</span></i>, a type of cluster bamboo,<i> </i>is a good candidate feedstock for biomass energy. In the study, we found a total of 686 genes were identified as belonging to CAZyme families in the <i><span>N. affinis</span></i> transcriptome, including 222 glycoside hydrolases (GHs), 288 glycosyltransferases (GTs), 64 carbohydrate esterases (CEs), 70 auxiliary activities (AAs), 37 carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) and five polysaccharide lyases (PLs). Expression profiles revealed that several CAZyme genes were up-regulated after insect infestation, particularly the GT, GH, AA and CE family members. Lignocellulose assays showed that the contents of three components, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, increased after insect infestation. Our findings showed that CAZyme genes were abundant in the <i><span>N. affinis</span></i> transcriptome and were involved in the response to herbivory. These findings could be applied to protect bamboo against herbivores, such as the bamboo snout beetle <i><span>Cyrtotrachelus buqueti</span></i>, and develop low-cost chemical feedstock from bamboo.</p>
Data for "Meta-analysis of induced anti-herbivore defence traits in plants from 647 manipulative experiments with natural and simulated herbivory"
<p>Data used in analysis in "Meta-analysis of induced anti-herbivore defence traits in plants from 647 manipulative experiments with natural and simulated herbivory" in Journal of Ecology. </p> <p>Code used for analysis are included as Supplementary Material of the main article. </p> <p> </p>
Invasive plant species that experience lower herbivory pressure may evolve lower diversities of chemical defence compounds in the exotic range
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p> <p><strong>PREMISE</strong></p> <p>Invasive plant species often escape from specialist herbivore species and are likely to experience herbivory mostly from generalist herbivore species in the exotic range. Consequently, the Shifting Defence Hypothesis (SDH) predicts that invasive plants will express higher concentrations of qualitative defence compounds to deter dominant generalist herbivores in the exotic range. Here, I additionally propose a Reduced Chemical Diversity Hypothesis (RCDH), which predicts that reduced herbivory pressure will select for invasive plant genotypes that produce lower diversities of defence compounds in the exotic range.</p> <p><strong><span>METHODS</span></strong></p> <p>I tested whether: (1) Invasive <em>Brassica nigra</em> populations express a lower diversity and an overall higher concentration of glucosinolate compounds than native-range <em>B. nigra</em>; (2) <em>Brassica nigra</em> individuals that express high diversities and concentrations of glucosinolates are more attractive to specialist and deterrent to generalist herbivores; (3) Tissues of invasive <em>B. nigra </em>are less palatable to two generalist herbivores <em>Theba pisana</em> and <em>Helix aspersa</em> than tissues of native-range<em> B. nigra</em>.</p> <p><strong><span>RESULTS</span></strong></p> <p>Invasive <em>B. nigra </em>populations expressed a significantly lower diversity of glucosinolate compounds and a marginally higher concentration of total glucosinolate compounds. Leaf tissues of the invasive <em>B. nigra</em> were significantly less palatable to <em>T. pisana</em> and marginally less so to <em>H. aspersa</em>. <em>Brassica nigra</em> individuals that expressed high concentrations of total glucosinolate compounds were visited by a low diversity of generalist herbivore species in the field.</p> <p><strong><span>CONCLUSIONS</span></strong></p> <p>The biogeographical differences in glucosinolate profiles of invasive and native-range populations of <em>B. nigra</em> may be the result of differential herbivore selection pressures in the respective ranges.</p>
Plant carbohydrate-active enzymes in bamboo (Neosinocalamus affinis): identification, classification and function in lignocellulose biosynthesis in herbivore defence
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Data from: The effect of root-associated microbes on plant growth and chemical defence traits across two contrasted elevations,
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Data from: Oviposition-induced plant volatiles prime defences against impending herbivores in neighbouring non-damaged plants
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Within‐plant variation in chemical defence of Erysimum cheiranthoides does not explain Plutella xylostella feeding preference
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Data from: Evolution of defence and herbivory in introduced plants - testing enemy release using a known source population, herbivore trials and time since introduction
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Invasive plant species that experience lower herbivory pressure may evolve lower diversities of chemical defence compounds in the exotic range
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Late instar monarch caterpillars sabotage milkweed to acquire toxins, not to disarm plant defence
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Short-term resistance that persists: Rapidly induced silicon anti-herbivore defence affects carbon-based plant defences
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Data from: Fungal volatiles influence plant defence against aboveground and belowground herbivory
<ol> <li>Plants have evolved resistance traits that negatively affect attackers, and tolerance traits that sustain plant growth despite herbivore damage. These mechanisms often co-occur in a mixed-defence strategy, balancing resistance and tolerance. These plant defences can be enhanced upon interaction with soil microorganisms.</li> <li>Here, we investigated the effects of volatiles emitted by soil-borne fungi on plant defence to insect herbivory, and on plant phenology.</li> <li>We exposed roots of <i>Brassica rapa </i>plants to volatiles emitted by four soil-borne fungi. As a proxy of plant resistance, we assessed the performance of <i>Pieris brassicae</i>, a caterpillar feeding on leaves and inflorescences, and of <i>Delia radicum</i>, an insect root herbivore. As a proxy of plant tolerance, we compared growth of volatile-exposed plants challenged with or without insects. Additionally, we assessed the effects on plant phenology by recording bolting time and by counting the number of buds and flowers.</li> <li>Plant exposure to fungal volatiles differentially affected plant resistance to above- and belowground herbivory. Performance of <i>P. brassicae</i> caterpillars differed between the fungal volatile-exposed plants but were variable between experimental batches. In contrast, the effects of fungal volatiles on <i>D. radicum</i> performance was predominantly negative, indicating an increased plant resistance. Despite root consumption by <i>D. radicum</i>, root dry weight remained unchanged in infested plants compared with uninfested ones, irrespectively of the volatile exposure, suggesting compensation for the tissue loss, sometimes at the cost of undamaged aboveground tissues. When<i> B. rapa</i> plants were attacked by <i>P. brassicae</i> caterpillars, only exposure to volatiles of some fungi led to compensation for the loss of aboveground tissues consumed by the caterpillars, which differed between leaves and inflorescences. Furthermore, bolting was accelerated in response to volatiles of some fungi, resulting in more buds and flowers, which suggests a potential enhancement of plant fitness.</li> <li>Our data show that fungal volatiles can modulate the mixed-defence strategies of <i>B. rapa</i> plants, balancing plant resistance and tolerance to above- and belowground herbivory. These effects may be variable and were fungus-specific. Ultimately, plant fitness may be enhanced upon root exposure to fungal volatiles. <p> </p> </li> </ol>
Climate influences the value of a plant structural defence against browsing
<ol> <li>The circumstances that select for plant anti-herbivore defences are not well understood. In New Zealand, the "divaricate" cage-like architecture of many woody plants may have arisen as a defence against avian browsing; it also has some ability to deter browsing by introduced deer. Its prominence on alluvial soils in frosty and droughty areas led us to hypothesize that structural defences are of most value where fertile soils coincide with climatic constraints that prevent plants from quickly growing out of the browse zone.</li> <li>We tested this hypothesis by growing seedlings of three divaricate species and their broadleaved congeners on fenced and unfenced plots beneath treefall gaps at three humid frost-free sites in the North Island of New Zealand, and at three colder and drier sites in the South Island. Soil total phosphorus levels were moderate to high at all sites (344 to 961 ppm), and pellet counts indicated similar average deer densities at North and South Island sites, <a name="_Hlk50404021">enabling us to attribute variation in seedling growth and survival primarily to climatic differences between our sites.</a> </li> <li>The circumstances that select for plant anti-herbivore defences are not well understood. In New Zealand, the "divaricate" cage-like architecture of many woody plants may have arisen as a defence against avian browsing; it also has some ability to deter browsing by introduced deer. Its prominence on alluvial soils in frosty and droughty areas led us to hypothesize that structural defences are of most value where fertile soils coincide with climatic constraints that prevent plants from quickly growing out of the browse zone.</li> <li>We tested this hypothesis by growing seedlings of three divaricate species and their broadleaved congeners on fenced and unfenced plots beneath treefall gaps at three humid frost-free sites in the North Island of New Zealand, and at three colder and drier sites in the South Island. Soil total phosphorus levels were moderate to high at all sites (344 to 961 ppm), and pellet counts indicated similar average deer densities at North and South Island sites, <a name="_Hlk50404021">enabling us to attribute variation in seedling growth and survival primarily to climatic differences between our sites.</a> </li> <li>On fenced plots, average relative height growth rates in the North Island exceeded those on the southern sites by 64 %, and growth of broadleaved species averaged 132 % and 99 % greater than that of divaricate congeners at North and South Island sites, respectively. On the northern sites, broadleaved species also held a large (137 %) net height growth advantage over divaricates even on unfenced plots. In contrast, exposure to browsing on the coldest sites resulted in complete loss of the broadleaved net height growth advantage.</li> <li> <a name="_heading=h.30j0zll"></a> <i>Synthesis</i>. Even in the presence of deer, divaricate plants were overgrown on humid frost-free sites, but not on colder and drier sites, where browsing neutralized the superior growth potential of broadleaved species. The cost of structural defences therefore paid off only on sites where climatic adversity reduces the ability of plants lacking such defences to grow quickly out of the browse zone, in agreement with our hypothesis.</li> </ol>
Data from: The unfolding of plant growth form-defence syndromes along elevation gradients
Understanding the functional economics that drives plant investment of resources requires investigating the interface between plant phenotypes and the variation in ecological conditions. While allocation to defence represents a large portion of the carbon budget, this axis is usually neglected in the study of plant economic spectrum. Using a novel geometrical approach, we analysed the co‐variation in a comprehensive set of functional traits related to plant growth strategies, as well as chemical defences against herbivores on all 15 Cardamine species present in the Swiss Alps. By extracting geometrical information of the functional space, we observed clustering of plants into three main syndromes. Those different strategies of growth form and defence were also distributed within distinct elevational bands demonstrating an association between the functional space and the ecological conditions. We conclude that plant strategies converge into clear syndromes that trade off abiotic tolerance, growth and defence within each elevation zone.
Data from: Parents lend a helping hand to their offspring in plant defence
Plants under attack by pathogens and pests can mount a range of inducible defences, encompassing both chemical and structural changes. Although few reports exist, it appears that plants responding to pathogen or herbivore attack, or chemical defence elicitors, may produce progeny which are better able to defend themselves against attack, compared to progeny from unthreatened or untreated plants. To date, all research on transgenerational effects of biotic stress have been conducted on dicotyledenous plants. We examined the possibility that resistance induced by application of chemical defence elicitors to the monocot plant barley, could be passed on to the progeny. Plants were treated with acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) or saccharin, and grain harvested at maturity. Germination was unaffected in seed collected from plants treated with saccharin, while germination was reduced significantly in seed collected from ASM-treated plants. The subsequent growth of the seedlings was not significantly different in any of the treatments. However, plants from parents treated with ASM or saccharin both exhibited significantly enhanced resistance to infection by Rhynchosporium commune, despite not being treated with elicitor themselves. These data hint at the possibility of producing disease-resistant plants by exposing parent plants to chemical elicitors.
Data from: The simultaneous inducibility of phytochemicals related to plant direct and indirect defences against herbivores is stronger at low elevation
Ecological theory indicates that warmer and more stable climates should result in stronger biotic interactions. Therefore, plant species growing at lower elevations and experiencing greater herbivore pressure, should invest in higher levels of defences than those at higher elevations. Nonetheless, there are a number of studies that have found no effect of elevational gradients on plant defensive traits. Several factors might explain the lack of consistency for the altitude-defence relationships; including 1) the reduction of all defensive traits into one measure of resistance; 2) not considering plant defence as the simultaneous expression of several defensive traits; and 3) not considering the relative influence of biotic (e.g. herbivory) and abiotic (e.g. climate and soil conditions) factors associated with the ecological gradient. Here, we present a comprehensive test of the effects of elevation and its associated biotic and abiotic factors on the individual and simultaneous expression of constitutive direct and indirect defences and their inducibility (i.e. expression of defences after herbivore attack). Specifically, we estimated climatic and soil variables and measured herbivore damage and constitutive and jasmonic acid-induced glucosinolate levels in the leaves as a proxy for direct defences, and volatile emission as a proxy for indirect defences in 16 Cardamine species naturally growing along the steep elevational gradient of the Alps. Within a phylogenetic comparative framework, we found that species growing at lower elevations invested more in the simultaneous inducibility of both direct and indirect defences, whereas species growing at higher elevations invested more in constitutive direct defences. Although we found strong elevation gradients in herbivory and climatic and soil variables, these biotic and abiotic factors only partially explained elevational patterns in plant defences. Synthesis - These results highlight that the complex regulation of multiple defence traits strongly vary across elevational gradients and build towards a better understanding of the multiple mechanisms underlying trait evolution and species interactions along ecological gradients.
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