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190 results for “plant development”
Trellis-forming stems of a tropical liana Condylocarpon guianense (Apocynaceae): a plant-made safety net constructed by simple "start-stop" development
<p>Data supporting article describing mechanical and structural organisation of a climin g plant trellis system sin the tropical rainforest of French Guiana</p> <p>Tropical vines and lianas have evolved mechanisms to avoid mechanical damage during their climbing life histories. We explore the mechanical properties and stem development of a tropical climber that develops trellises in tropical rain forest canopies. We measured the young stems of <em>Condylocarpon guianensis</em> (Apocynaceae) that construct complex trellises via self-supporting shoots, attached stems and unattached pendulous stems. The results suggest that in this species there is a size (stem diameter) and developmental threshold at which plant shoots will make the developmental transition from stiff young shoots to later flexible stem properties. Shoots that do not find a support remain stiff, becoming pendulous and retaining numerous leaves. The formation of a second TYPE II (lianoid) wood is triggered by attachment, guaranteeing increased flexibility of light-structured shoots that transition from self-supporting searchers to inter-connected net-like trellis components. The results suggest that this species shows a “hard-wired” development that limits self-supporting growth among the slender stems that make up a liana trellis. The strategy is linked to a stem-twining climbing mode and promotes a rapid transition to flexible trellis elements in cluttered densely branched tropical forest habitats. These are situations that are prone to mechanical perturbation via wind action, tree falls and branch movements. The findings suggest that some twining lianas are mechanically fine-tuned to produce trellises in specific habitats. Trellis building is carried out by young shoots that can perform very different functions via subtle development changes in order to ensure a safe space occupation of the liana canopy.</p>
Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence on four Crotalaria host plants
<p>This dataset consists of data from three experiments testing how four different Crotalaria host plants affect Utetheisa ornatrix development and defence against a spider.</p> <p>The data are to be published in a paper accepted in Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata</p>
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit) in Observations on flower and fruit anatomy in dioecious species of Cordia (Cordiaceae, Boraginales) with evolutionary interpretations
◂Fig. 6 Gynoecial development, fruit and seedling of C. crenata %yellow frames), C. cf. grandicalyx %blue frames) and C. sinensis %pink frames; A–F light microscopy, G–K stereo microscopy of endocarp, mesocarp removed; L–O field images; TS in horizontal orientation). A, B TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and strongly stained, peripheral tissue). C, D TS of anthetic flower %note two to three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). E Young fruit %note developing endocarp and flashily pink portions of the mesocarp). F TS of postanthetic flower %note three abortive ovules and lignifying portions of prospective mesocarp). G TS of endocarp, with three developed embryos removed %note scanty endosperm). H Endocarp. J TS of endocarp. K Endocarp. L Immature fruits. M Mature fruits. N Seedlings %note short hypocotyl and long petioles of cotyledons). O Seedlings %note long hypocotyl and short petioles of cotyledons; image taken from cultivated plant, accession number 2012–0005, in the Botanical Garden Munich) %LS, longisection; TS, transverse section; ao, abortive ovule; cot, cotyledon; db, dorsal bundle; c, calyx; ec, endocarp; ens, endosperm; ex, exocarp; fr, fruit; h, hypocotyl; int, integument; lb, lateral bundle; mc, mesocarp; o, ovule; pet, petiolus; sty, style; ut, peripheral tissue; vs, ventral slit)
Text-fig. 3 Pollen diagram from the locality of Bohutín. 0-0.01 m – sandy soil mixed with humus, slightly clayey, sample B11; 0.05 m – grey-blue strongly sandy clay, sample B10; 0.10-0.25 m – brown-grey sandy clay with plant remains and mixed with a small amount of peat, sample B9, sample B8 (0.15 m), sample B7 (0.20 m), sample B6 (0.25 m); 0.30-0.35 m – dark sandy clay mixed with peat and plant remains, sample B5, sample B4 (0.35 m); 0.40 m – grey strongly sandy clay mixed with peat, sample B3; 0.45-0.50 m – grey-blue strongly sandy clay, sample B2, sample B1 (0.50 m). in Reconstruction Of Vegetation Development On The Floodplain Of The Litavka River In The Holocene (Central Bohemia, Brdy Mts.)
Text-fig. 3 Pollen diagram from the locality of Bohutín. 0-0.01 m – sandy soil mixed with humus, slightly clayey, sample B11; 0.05 m – grey-blue strongly sandy clay, sample B10; 0.10-0.25 m – brown-grey sandy clay with plant remains and mixed with a small amount of peat, sample B9, sample B8 (0.15 m), sample B7 (0.20 m), sample B6 (0.25 m); 0.30-0.35 m – dark sandy clay mixed with peat and plant remains, sample B5, sample B4 (0.35 m); 0.40 m – grey strongly sandy clay mixed with peat, sample B3; 0.45-0.50 m – grey-blue strongly sandy clay, sample B2, sample B1 (0.50 m).
Figure 3 in Development, reproduction and life table parameters of Tetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) on three different host plants
Figure 3 Age-stage-specific life expectancy (exj) of Tetranychus turkestani on: a. cowpea, b. white bean, c. red bean.
Figure 2 in Development, reproduction and life table parameters of Tetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) on three different host plants
Figure 2 Age-specific survival rate (lx), fecundity (mx) and maternity l (x mx) of Tetranychus turkestani on: a. cowpea, b. white bean, c. red bean.
Figure 1 in Development, reproduction and life table parameters of Tetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) on three different host plants
Figure 1 Age-stage-specific survival rate (Sxj) of Tetranychus turkestani on: a. cowpea, b. white bean, c. red bean.
Figure 4 in Development, reproduction and life table parameters of Tetranychus turkestani (Acari: Tetranychidae) on three different host plants
Figure 4 Age-stage-specific life expectancy (vxj) of Tetranychus turkestani on: a. cowpea, b. white bean, c. red bean.
Code & Data from: Development of a low cost open-source ultrasonic device for plant height measurements
<p>We here provide code and data for the study "Development of a low cost open-source ultrasonic device for plant height measurements"</p> <p>Code:<br> - Arduino code (management of the electronic circuit): "Arduino_ultrasonic_sensor.ino"<br> - OpenSCAD code (3D-printing): "3DShells_ultrasonic_sensor.scad"<br> - R code (statistical analysis of field test): "Statistical_analysis.R"</p> <p>Data:<br> - "manual_vs_sensor_controlled.csv": this file contains the comparison between the ultrasonic device and the ruler in standardized laboratory conditions. It has three columns: "manual_value", the height value measured manually; "sensor_value", the height value obtained from the ultrasonic device; "height_range", the interval to which the height value belongs (we worked with 25 cm intervals).<br> - "manual_vs_ruler_field.csv": this file contains the comparison between the ultrasonic device and the ruler in field conditions. Plant height measurements were performed on 26 sorghum genotypes. The file has four columns: "Genotype", the id of the measured genotype; "rep" the replicate (3 plants were measured for each genotype); "manual_value", the height value measured manually; "sensor_value", the height value obtained from the ultrasonic device. When using the ruler, the operator spent 15 min and 23 s to complete all measurements in the field, and 3 min and 27 s to enter all data manually in a digital file. When using the sensor, the operator spent 10 min and 52 s to complete all measurements in the field, and manual transcription was not needed since all measurements are instantaneously saved on an SD card.</p> <p>More details on the experimental data can be found in the article "Development of a low cost open-source ultrasonic device for plant height measurements".</p> <p>We also provide a tutorial to explain how to build the ultrasonic-sensor ("tutorial.docx")</p>
Edge effects, not connectivity, determine the incidence and development of a foliar fungal plant disease
Using a model plant-pathogen system in a large-scale habitat corridor experiment, we found that corridors do not facilitate the movement of wind-dispersed plant pathogens, that connectivity of patches does not enhance levels of foliar fungal plant disease, and that edge effects are the key drivers of plant disease dynamics. Increased spread of infectious disease is often cited as a potential negative effect of habitat corridors used in conservation, but the impacts of corridors on pathogen movement have never been tested empirically. Using sweet corn (Zea mays) and southern corn leaf blight (Cochliobolus heterostrophus) as a model plant-pathogen system, we tested the impacts of connectivity and habitat fragmentation on pathogen movement and disease development at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA. Over time, less edgy patches had higher proportions of diseased plants, and distance of host plants to habitat edges was the greatest determinant of disease development. Variation in average daytime temperatures provided a possible mechanism for these disease patterns. Our results show that worries over the potentially harmful effects of conservation corridors on disease dynamics are misplaced, and that, in a conservation context, many diseases can be better managed by mitigating edge effects.
Leaf and shoot apical meristem transcriptomes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to photoperiod and plant development
<p>Our study focused on identifying key genes regulating flowering time and photoperiod response in quinoa. We examined the timing of photoperiod-induced floral transition and analyzed transcriptomes in photoperiod-sensitive and -insensitive quinoa accessions' leaf and shoot apical meristems. Histological analysis showed that floral transition in quinoa initiates two to three weeks after sowing. We found four groups of differentially expressed genes annotated in the QQ74-V2 reference genome that responded to plant development and floral transition, (i) 222 genes responsive to photoperiod in leaves, (ii) 1,812 genes differentially expressed between accessions under long-day conditions in leaves, (iii) 57 genes responding to developmental changes between weeks under short-day conditions in leaves, and (iv) 911 genes responding to floral transition within the shoot apical meristem. Interestingly, among numerous candidate genes, two<em> </em>putative <em>FT</em> orthologues and others (e.g., <em>SOC1</em>, <em>COL</em>, <em>AP1</em>) have been reported as key regulators of flowering time in other species. Additionally, we used co-expression networks to associate novel transcripts to a putative biological process based on the annotated genes within the same co-expression cluster. The candidate genes in this study would benefit quinoa breeding by identifying and integrating their beneficial haplotypes in crossing programs to develop adapted cultivars to diverse environmental conditions.</p> <p>We examined the timing of photoperiod-induced floral transition and analyzed transcriptomes in photoperiod-sensitive and -insensitive quinoa accessions' leaf and shoot apical meristems. Histological analysis revealed floral transition initiating two to three weeks after sowing. Differentially expressed genes were categorized in the QQ74-V2 reference genome, encompassing 222 genes responsive to photoperiod in leaves, 1,812 genes under long-day conditions, 57 genes during short-day conditions, and 911 genes during floral transition in shoot apical meristems. Notably, among numerous candidates, two putative FT orthologues and others (e.g., SOC1, COL, AP1) implicated in flowering time regulation in various species were identified. Co-expression networks associated novel transcripts with putative biological processes based on annotated genes in the same cluster. The candidate genes identified have potential applications in quinoa breeding, facilitating the incorporation of beneficial haplotypes in crossbreeding programs to develop cultivars adapted to diverse environmental conditions.</p>
Supplemental Material for Genome Editing in Crop Plant Research - Alignment of expectations and current developments
<p>Supplemental Material for Paper "Genome Editing in Crop Plant Research - Alignment of expectations and current developments" as submitted to Plants</p>
Digesta and Plasma Metabolomics of Rainbow Trout Strains with Varied Tolerance of Plant-Based Diets Highlights Potential for Non-Lethal Assessments of Enteritis Development
<p>The replacement of fishmeal in aquafeeds is essential to the sustainability of aquaculture. Besides the procurement of alternative protein sources, fish can also be selected for better performance on plant-based alternative diets. Rainbow trout (<em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em>) is one such species in which the strain ARS-<em>Sel</em>has been selected for higher growth and enhanced utilization when fed soy-based diets. The aim of this study was to compare fish growth, and plasma and digesta metabolomes between the ARS-<em>Sel</em>and two commercial strains (CS-1 and CS-2), when fed a plant-protein diet (PM) and a fishmeal-based diet (FM) and correlate them with the onset of enteritis. An NMR-metabolomics approach was taken to assess plasma and digesta metabolite profiles. Diet and strain showed significant effects on fish growth, with the ARS-<em>Sel</em>fish receiving the PM diet reaching the highest final weight at sampling. Multivariate analysis revealed differences between plasma metabolite profiles of ARS-<em>Sel</em>and CS (CS-1 considered together with CS-2) PM-fed groups in the early stages of the enteritis development, which was confirmed by a histological approach. In digesta, no differences were observed between groups. As reported in previous studies the ARS-<em>Sel</em>strain performed better than the commercial strains when fed the PM diet. </p>
Leaf and shoot apical meristem transcriptomes of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in response to photoperiod and plant development
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Data from: Space-for-time substitution misleads projections of plant community and stand-structure development after disturbance in a slow-growing environment
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Climbing route development affects cliff vascular plants more than subsequent climbing: A guide to evidence-based conservation management to regulate climbing
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Salt marsh plant community development in a metacommunity experiment in the Wadden Sea
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Data from: Modifications during early plant development promote the evolution of nature’s most complex woods
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Developing seedheads treated with fungicide and insecticide:Biodiversity II: Effects of Plant Biodiversity on Population and Ecosystem Processes
Biodiversity II (E120) is designed to determine how the number of plant species affects the dynamics of ecological processes at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. By experimentally manipulating the number of species and the kinds of species, the amount of plant growth and the change from year to year, that result can be examined. Plots are large (9m x 9m actively maintained) and well-replicated, allowing responses of plant pathogens, insect herbivores, seed predators, soil parameters, invasive plant species and other variables to also be studied. Plots were seeded in May 1994 to have 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 species, with roughly 30 replicates of each diversity level. The species composition of each plot was chosen by random draw from a pool of 18 grassland perennials that included four warm-season (C4) grasses, four cool-season (C3) grasses, four legumes, four non-legume forbs, and two woody species. All species occur in monoculture allowing comparison of responses of each species in monoculture to combinations of these same species. The experiment was established in 1994 by the lead investigators David Tilman, Peter Reich, Johannes Knops, and David Wedin. Experiment 120 is similar to Experiment 123, but it uses larger plots to provide a large capacity for long-term subexperiments.
Herbicide, fertilization, and planting density effects on intensively managed loblolly pine early stand development
<p><span><span>Production forestry in the southeast US has been partially transitioned to intensively managed short rotations (~10 years), in which multiple silvicultural interventions are performed during forest development. Understanding the responses to silvicultural practices and continued refinement of site-specific recommendations is critical to sustainably maximize forest production. We evaluated the effects of silvicultural practices (herbicide, fertilization, and planting density) on growth, stand homogeneity, and above- and belowground biomass accumulation and partitioning of loblolly pine (<i>Pinus taeda</i>) throughout early stand development (age 5 years) in the southeastern US. Five treatments with eight replications each were tested: no herbicide and no fertilization (<i>C</i>); herbicide only (<i>H</i>); herbicide and half-reduced fertilization rate (<i>R</i>); herbicide and full fertilization (<i>F</i>); and increased stand density (60+ %; 1346 <i>vs.</i> 2152 trees per hectare) with herbicide and full fertilization rate (<i>D</i>). Allometric equations generated from destructive harvests were applied to annual diameter measurements to estimate plot-level biomass and allocation. Herbicide was crucial to promote stand uniformity and increase yield (~600+ % stem biomass compared with <i>C</i> at age 5). Aboveground biomass was similar in <i>R</i> and <i>F</i> treatments, which was, on average, ~25% higher than in <i>H</i> at age 5. Increasing planting density along with multiple herbicide and fertilizer applications yielded higher biomass without compromising individual tree size (diameter and height). There was little effect of silviculture practices on allocation patterns. Our results parallel what was found for fertilization with herbicide from a number of loblolly stands under similar conditions and indicate a ~28% volume gain with fertilization during early stand development. Similarly, our results were consistent with other studies implementing similar differences in planting density and suggest a ~26% volume gain through early stand development with an initial 60% increase in planting density. Our study helps to understand complex relationships between production and silvicultural practices during early stand development and demonstrates that silvicultural prescriptions can be optimized to increase sustainability of production forestry.</span></span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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