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158 results for “plant size”
Examining genome size and nutrient influence on plant damage patterns
Data was collected to examine whether and how plant genome size (GS) interacts with environmental nutrient additions to influence the amount and patterns of damage plants sustain from invertebrate herbivores and fungal pathogens. Plants were selected based on visual abundance in treatment plots in which nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or NP combined had been annually added (Cont. is the abbreviation we used for the control plot with no nutrients added). Additionally, plant traits of percent foliar carbon (% C), percent foliar nitrogen (% N), and specific leaf area (SLA) were measured from all the same plants that damage values were observed from. Data was collected from 847 plants (626 forb individuals, 221 grass individuals) in eight grassland sites that are part of the Nutrient Network (https://nutnet.org), a globally distributed experiment in which plots have different nutrient amendment treatments that are administered identically to allow cross-site comparisons of the effects of nutrients on biodiversity patterning. The sites chosen varied along a north-south latitude, longitude, mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient in the United States. All field data was collected between May 2022 and August 2022. The sites included in this study are listed below with their respective Nutrient Network site codes. churn.us= Churning Rapids in Hancock, MI spin.us= Spindletop Farm in Lexington, KY temple.us= Temple in Temple, TX kbs.us= Kellogg Biological Station in Hickory Corners, MI konz.us= Konza Prairie Biological Station in Manhattan, KS cgbg.us= Chichaqua Bottoms Greenbelt in Maxwell, IA cdcr.us= Cedar Creek in East Bethel, MN msum.us= Minnesota State University at Moorhead in Moorhead, MN
Data in support of 'Mechanistic insights into plant community responses to environmental variables: genome size, cellular nutrient investments, and metabolic trade-offs.'
Data was collected to examine whether and how the plant genome size (GS) influences traits (stomata size, stomata density, cellular and tissue level carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents) and metabolic-tradeoffs (of photosynthesis, evapotranspiration, water-use, efficiency) of plants in treatment plots in which nothing, N, P, or NP had been annually added. Data was collected from ~500 plants from seven grassland sites that are all part of the Nutrient Network (https://nutnet.org), a globally distributed experiment in which plots have different nutrient amendment treatments that are administered identically to allow cross-site comparisons of the effects of nutrients on biodiversity patterning. The sites chosen varied along a North-South latitude, longitude, mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient.
Experimental manipulation of predatory crab species identity (Panopeus obesus vs. Eurytium limosum) and size-structure and assessment of effects on invertebrate densities, sediment properties and plant biomass.
Predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) are two of the main resident infaunal predators in southeastern US salt marshes. Little is known, however, about their effects on important prey species, or their influences on sediment or plant properties. These influences are likely to be dependent on the identity of species and the size-stucture of the population. We therefore manipulated the species identity (Panopeus or Eurtium) and size-structure. The size-structure treatrment had four levels: small [9 individuals, each 18-22mm carapace diameter], medium [6 ind. 24 -28mm], large [3 ind. 32-36mm], mixed (3 small, 2 medium, 1 large, all within same cage). The numbers of crabs in each size-structure treatment were chosen to capture natural size-abundance relationships. The treatments were maintained in experimental cages (70 x 70 x 100 cm, length, width, height) in the mid-Spartina zone at Dean Creek, Sapelo Island, GA. We maintained the treatments over 4 months (July - October 2010), before assessing impacts on prey densitities (mud fiddler crabs, ribbed mussels and marsh periwinkles), and ecosystem properties (aboveground plant biomass, sediment redox potential, sediment water content).
Genome size influences plant growth and biodiversity responses to nutrient fertilization in diverse grassland communities
Experiments comparing diploids with polyploids and in single grassland sites show that nitrogen and/or phosphorus availability influences plant growth and community composition dependent on genome size; specifically plants with larger genomes grow faster under nutrient enrichments relative to those with smaller genomes. However, it is unknown if these effects are specific to particular site localities with speciifc plant assemblages, climates, and historical contingencies. To determine the generality of genome size dependent growth responses to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation, we combined genome size and species abundance data from 27 coordinated grassland nutrient addition experiments in the Nutrient Network that occur in the Northern Hemisphere across a range of climates and grassland communities. We found that after nitrogen treatment, species with larger genomes generally increased more in cover compared to those with smaller genomes, potentially due to a release from nutrient limitation. Responses were strongest for C3 grasses and in less seasonal, low precipitation environments, indicating that genome size effects on water-use-efficiency modulates genome size-nutrient interactions. Cumulatively the data suggest that genome size is informative and improves predictions of species’ success in grassland communities.
UCSB SONGS Mitigation Monitoring: Wetland Process Study - Irrigation, Decompaction, Amendment, Planting and Seeding Experiment Plant Size
These data describe estimates of the condition and size of three species of salt marsh plants (Arthrocnemum subterminale, Frankenia salina, and Salicornia virginica) planted in experimental plots designed to evaluate the effectiveness of various soil treatments on increasing vegetation cover at the San Dieguito Wetlands (Del Mar, California). Plots established between 1.61 – 2.1 m MLLW were manipulated to test the effects of irrigation, decompaction, soil amendments, and planting versus seeding, whereas plots between 1.6 – 1.7 m MLLW tested the effects of planting versus seeding alone. Data collection was conducted from 2020 to 2022. During each survey, the length of the longest axis and maximum perpendicular width of each planted individual was measured.
Data from: Promoting success in thin layer sediment placement: effects of sediment grain size and amendments on salt marsh plant growth and greenhouse gas exchange
<p>Thin layer sediment placement (TLP) is a method to mitigate factors resulting in loss of elevation and severe alteration of hydrology, such as sea level rise and anthropogenic modifications, and prolong the lifespan of drowning salt marshes. However, TLP success may vary due to plant stress associated with reductions in nutrient availability and hydrologic flushing or through the creation of acid sulfate soils. This study examined the influence of sediment grain size and soil amendments on plant growth, soil and porewater characteristics, and greenhouse gas exchange for three key US salt marsh plants: <em>Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens, </em>and <em>Salicornia pacifica. </em>We found that bioavailable nitrogen concentrations (measured as extractable NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>-N) and porewater pH and salinity were found to have an inverse relationship with grain size, while soil redox was more reducing in finer sediments. This suggests that utilizing finer sediments in TLP projects will result in a more reduced environment with higher nutrient availability, while larger grain-sized sediments will be better flushed and oxidized. We further found that grain size had a significant effect on vegetation biomass allocation and rates of gas exchange, although these effects were species-specific. We found that soil amendments (biochar and compost) did not subsidize plant growth but were associated with increases in soil respiration and methane emissions. Biochar amendments were additionally ineffective in ameliorating acid sulfate conditions. This study uncovers complex interactions between sediment type and vegetation, emphasizing limitations of soil amendments. The findings aid restoration project managers in making informed decisions regarding sediment type, target vegetation, and soil amendments for successful TLP projects.</p>
Text-fig. 3. Examples of plant macrofossil assemblages from post-evaporitic sections. a: bedding plane from Ciabòt Cagna covered by impressions of plant parts, with dominance of leaves of cf. Oleinites liguricus M.SACHSE, MCEA-P05038. b: waterloggedcompressed seeds of Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J.GREGOR sieved out of a bulk sediment sample from Pollenzo, MGPTPU141033. c: millimeter-sized, waterlogged-compressed seeds of Sambucus pulchella C.REID et E.REID with abundant cracks, probably formed during both diagenesis and extraction of the fossils (bulk sediment sample from Ciabòt Cagna), MGPT- in Late Messinian Flora From The Post-Evaporitic Deposits Of The Piedmont Basin (Northwest Italy)
Text-fig. 3. Examples of plant macrofossil assemblages from post-evaporitic sections. a: bedding plane from Ciabòt Cagna covered by impressions of plant parts, with dominance of leaves of cf. Oleinites liguricus M.SACHSE, MCEA-P05038. b: waterloggedcompressed seeds of Toddalia latisiliquata (R.LUDW.) H.-J.GREGOR sieved out of a bulk sediment sample from Pollenzo, MGPTPU141033. c: millimeter-sized, waterlogged-compressed seeds of Sambucus pulchella C.REID et E.REID with abundant cracks, probably formed during both diagenesis and extraction of the fossils (bulk sediment sample from Ciabòt Cagna), MGPT-
Figure 2 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 2 Boxplots of the percentage of herbivory between patches ofC. procera of different sizes (number of individuals) in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. Each circle represents the average percentage of herbivory of the branches of each individual sampled. The horizontal thick grey band represents the median value, the boxplot margins indicate first and third quartiles, the whiskers represent the maximum/minimum value within one and a half times the interquartile range.
Figure 1 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 1 (A) Adult individual of Calotropis procera in a pasture area in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil; (B) early and (C) late instars of Danaus erippus.
Elevational range size patterns of vascular plants in Himalaya contradict Rapoport's rule
<p>1. Elevational range size patterns reflect ecological and evolutionary processes, but they are also affected by geometric constraints. The confounding effect of these constraints led to an ongoing controversy about the elevational Rapoport's rule, which postulates a positive association between the range size and elevation, and about the plausibility of the climate variability hypotheses as its causal explanation.</p> <p>2. Here we used an advanced null modelling approach to disentangle the interacting effects of geometric constraints and species richness gradients on the elevational range size of vascular plants. We collected extensive field data on elevational distribution for 728 vascular plant species occurring in the Ladakh region, Western Himalaya. We supplied these regional data with sub-continental elevational ranges extracted from the literature. Moreover, we used in-situ measured temperatures to quantify temperature variability along an elevational gradient to test the climate variability hypothesis.</p> <p>3. Observed range size patterns were sensitive to methods used to quantify the average range size. Range truncation disproportionately affected regional ranges of low-elevation species and resulted in spurious support of elevational Rapoport's rule. However, when the confounding effects of domain boundaries and richness gradient were controlled, our null models revealed only slight deviations from the random expectations of elevational range size patterns, contrasting with the prediction of the Rapoport's rule. In line with these findings, seasonal and diurnal temperature variability did not change with elevation.</p> <p>4. Synthesis: Geometric constraints combined with underlying species richness gradient create range size patterns seemingly supporting Rapoport´s elevational rule. However, null models accounting for these effects indicate that the range-size of vascular plants in the Himalayas does not increase with elevation. Given the universality of the geometric constraints and species richness gradient, our results suggest that these confounding factors must be controlled when testing Rapoport's rule. The null model approach described here provides an efficient tool to do that.</p>
Body size as a magic trait in two plant-feeding insect species
<p>When gene flow accompanies speciation, recombination can decouple divergently selected loci and loci conferring reproductive isolation. This barrier to sympatric divergence disappears when assortative mating and disruptive selection involve the same "magic" trait. Although magic traits could be widespread, the relative importance of different types of magic traits to speciation remains unclear. Because body size frequently contributes to host adaptation and assortative mating in plant-feeding insects, we evaluated several magic trait predictions for this trait in a pair of sympatric <em>Neodiprion</em> sawfly species adapted to different pine hosts. A large morphological dataset revealed that sawfly adults from populations and species that use thicker-needled pines are consistently larger than those that use thinner-needled pines. Fitness data from recombinant backcross females revealed that egg size is under divergent selection between the preferred pines. Lastly, mating assays revealed strong size-assortative mating within and between species in three different crosses, with the strongest prezygotic isolation between populations that have the greatest interspecific size differences. Together, our data support body size as a magic trait in pine sawflies and possibly many other plant-feeding insects. Our work also demonstrates how intraspecific variation in morphology and ecology can cause geographic variation in the strength of prezygotic isolation.</p>
Data for: Position in the plant size hierarchy is not heritable
<p><span>The rate of fitness evolution is largely determined by the amount of genetic variation for fitness in the population. In many plant populations, a few large individuals often occur alongside many more, smaller individuals. In annual plants, size is highly correlated with fitness. The contribution of genetic variation to position in the plant size hierarchy has not been investigated. We genotyped individuals at opposing positions in the plant size distribution in a natural population of the annual plant <em>Impatiens</em> <em>capensis</em> (Jewelweed). No significant genetic variation for position in the size hierarchy was detected when population structure was accounted for. This result suggests that the rate of evolution for increased plant fitness is constrained by low levels of standing genetic variation.</span></p>
Body size as a magic trait in two plant-feeding insect species
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Data from: Fragment size affects plant herbivory via predator loss
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<i>k</i>-mer-based diversity scales with population size proxies more than nucleotide diversity in a meta-analysis of 98 plant species
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Data from: Plant community-specific greening patterns predict population size increases in a temperate herbivore
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Elevational range size patterns of vascular plants in Himalaya contradict Rapoport’s rule
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Data from: Promoting success in thin layer sediment placement: effects of sediment grain size and amendments on salt marsh plant growth and greenhouse gas exchange
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The heritability of size in a wild annual plant population with hierarchical size structure
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Plant size and spatial pattern in a natural population of Myosotis micrantha
This dataset was created for examining the spatial distribution of plant size in a natural plant population, and for understanding the processes which govern the same. A winter annual species, Myosotis stricta (formally known as Myosotis micrantha), was chosen for this purpose. Data collection was carried on the campus of Stony Brook University (Stony Brook, NY, USA) in May 1988, along a 700 cm x 20 cm transect. It was found that a size hierarchy existed in this plant population. Plants lacking immediate conspecific neighbors were larger than plants with one or more near neighbours, suggesting that competition from near neighbours depressed plant size. However, there was a strong positive spatial autocorrelation in plant size: large plants were associated with large neighbours and small ones with small neighbors. Plant size was also positively correlated with the combined biomass of near neighbors. Thus, the population formed a two-phase mosaic of patches of relatively large plants alternating with patches of smaller plants. These results were published in the paper titled Plant size and spatial pattern in a natural population of Myosotis micrantha (Wilson and Gurevitch, 1995).
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