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Fig. 3 in Influence of plant direction, layer, and spacing on the infestation levels of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in open jalapeño pepper fields in North Florida

Fig. 3. Number of infested fruits and presence of weevil larvae in different jalapeño plant parts (means ± SE). Number of infested fruits in 5 directions (A), in 3 layers (C), and at 5 spacings (E). Number of larval A. eugenii within infested fruits in 5 directions (B), in 3 layers (D), and at 5 spacings (F). Different letters indicate significant differences among the treatments (means separated by Tukey's HSD, P <0.05).

Fig. 4 in Influence of plant direction, layer, and spacing on the infestation levels of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in open jalapeño pepper fields in North Florida

Fig. 4. Fruit wall thickness and single weight in different jalapeño plant parts (means ± SE). Fruit wall thickness (A) and single weight (B) in 5 directions, fruit wall thickness (C) and single weight (D) in 3 layers, fruit wall thickness (E) and single weight (F) at 5 spacings. Different letters indicate significant differences among the treatments (means separated by Tukey's HSD, P <0.05).

Fig. 2 in Influence of plant direction, layer, and spacing on the infestation levels of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in open jalapeño pepper fields in North Florida

Fig. 2. Infestation and larval density of pepper weevil in 2017. Vertical bars are standard errors of the means.

Fig. 5 in Influence of plant direction, layer, and spacing on the infestation levels of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in open jalapeño pepper fields in North Florida

Fig. 5. Relationship between the infestation level and the fruit wall thickness (A) and single weight (B). Each data point represents the number of infested fruits per plant in each fruit wall thickness or weight (means ± SE). Line was fitted using linear regression analysis.

Fig. 1 in Influence of plant direction, layer, and spacing on the infestation levels of Anthonomus eugenii (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in open jalapeño pepper fields in North Florida

Fig. 1. (a) Adult pepper weevil feeding on the stalk of a pepper fruit; (b) young and full grown larvae inside a pepper fruit; (c) pupa inside the fruit; and (d) adult weevil exit holes in pepper fruits.

Figure S50 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S50. Optimisation of tropical and temperate niches across the Mimosoid phylogeny. Ancestral niches were estimated using a complete metachronogram for Caesalpinioideae, including non-Mimosoid Caesalpinioideae taxa, but only the Mimosoid clade is shown here.

Figure S48 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S48. Speciation rates estimated across the Caesalpinioideae metachronogram under eight scenarios with different fixed extinction rates. Extinction rates are shown above each subfigure, while speciation rates are indicated by branch colours.

Figure S49 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S49. Top: Speciation rates in the Mimosoid clade through time, estimated under different extinction rate scenarios using BAMM. Middle: Paleotemperature inferred from delta O18 measurements, using data from Zachos et al. (179). Bottom: Phenogram of mean annual precipitation in the Mimosoid clade through time. Coloured lines with dots show the median, wettest, and driest reconstructed rainfall niche of all nodes in the phylogeny per time bin of one million years.

Figure S47 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S47. Ancestral range estimation of Caesalpinioideae, performed using BioGeoBEARS with the best-fitting model (i.e., DEC+J). Trans-oceanic dispersal events in the Mimosoid clade, based on a model with seven regions, are indicated with numbered green circles.

Figure S46 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S46. Optimisation of dry season length across the Mimosoid phylogeny. Inset shows the fraction of dry season length niche shifs per speciation event through time. See caption Figure 1 for explanation.

Figure S45 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S45. Variation partitioning results obtained using the genus-level Mimosoid phylogeny (rather than the metachronogram). See caption Figure 2 for explanation.

Figure S42 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S42. Phyloregionalization per continent using the metachronogram, showing global distribution of isohyets. Caption otherwise as for Figure 3.

Figure S30 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S30 (right). Conflict and concordance among the 821 single-copy gene trees for each bipartition mapped onto the single-copy genes ASTRAL species tree (Figure S14). Pie charts show the fraction of gene trees supporting that bipartition in blue, the fraction of gene trees supporting the most likely alternative configuration in green, the fraction of gene trees supporting additional conflicting configurations in red, and the fraction of uninformative gene trees in grey. Numbers above and below the pie charts indicate the total number of gene trees supporting and conflicting the bipartition, respectively. Branch lengths are set equal for easier visualisation.

Figure S22 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S22. Phylogeny of Caesalpinioideae. RAxML species tree based on the amino acid alignment of all genes with orthology assessment. Bootstrap support values are only shown for nodes with <100% bootstrap support.

Figure S27 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S27. Tanglegram comparing the PhyloBayes phylogeny (Figure S23) with the RAxML amino acid single-copy genes phylogeny (Figure S20).

Figure S37 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S37. Phyloregionalization of South America using the metachronogram. Subfigures show clustering results with two to eight phyloregions, as well as the results of phyloregionalization analyses using the geographic residuals of phylogenetic turnover, and ancient phylogenetic turnover with a cut-off of 5, 10, and 20 million years.

Figure S21 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S21. Phylogeny of Caesalpinioideae. RAxML species tree based on the amino acid alignment of all genes without orthology assessment. Bootstrap support values are only shown for nodes with <100% bootstrap support.

Figure S38 in Supplementary Materials for Precipitation is the main axis of tropical plant phylogenetic turnover across space and time

Figure S38. Phyloregionalization of Africa using the metachronogram. Subfigures show clustering results with two to eight phyloregions, as well as the results of phyloregionalization analyses using the geographic residuals of phylogenetic turnover, and ancient phylogenetic turnover with a cut-off of 5, 10, and 20 million years.