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543 results for “poison”
Recovery of a tropical stream after a harvest-related chlorine poisoning event
1. Harvest-related poisoning events are common in tropical streams, yet research on stream recovery has largely been limited to temperate streams and generally does not include any measures of ecosystem function, such as leaf breakdown. 2. We assessed recovery of a second-order, high-gradient stream draining the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico, three months after a chlorine-bleach poisoning event. The illegal poisoning of freshwater shrimps for harvest caused massive mortality of shrimps and dramatic changes in those ecosystem properties influenced by shrimps. We determined recovery potential using an established recovery index and assessed actual recovery by examining whether the poisoned reach returned to conditions resembling an undisturbed upstream reference reach.3. Recovery potential was excellent (score=729 out of a possible 729) and can be attributed to nearby sources of organisms for colonization, the mobility of dominant organisms, unimpaired habitat, rapid flushing and processing of chlorine, and location within a national forest.4. Actual recovery was substantial. Comparison of the reference reach with the formerly poisoned reach indicated: (1) complete recovery of xiphocaridid and palaemonid shrimp population abundances, shrimp size distributions, leaf breakdown rates, and abundances of oligochaetes and mayflies on leaves, and (2) only small differences in atyid shrimp abundance and community and ecosystem properties influenced by atyid shrimps (standing stocks of epilithic fine inorganic and organic matter, chlorophyll a, and abundances of chironomids and copepods on leaves). 5. There was no detectable pattern between any measured variables and distance downstream from the poisoning. However, shrimp size-distributions indicated that the observed recovery may represent a source-sink dynamic, in which the poisoned reach acts as a sink which depletes adult shrimp populations from surrounding undisturbed habitats. Thus, the rapid recovery observe
Effects of a tropical stream poisoning: do they reflect effects of small-scale experiments?
Small-scale experiments in tropical streams have suggested that freshwater shrimps play a critical role in determining the quality and quantity of benthic organic matter and overall nutrient dynamics. We quantified the effects of a whole-reach shrimp poisoning event in the Sonadora, a second-order stream draining the Luquillo Experimental Forest in northeastern Puerto Rico. The illegal poisoning (for shrimp harvest) caused massive mortality of shrimps and aquatic insects. Atyid and xiphocaridid shrimp abundances in pools of the poisoned reach were reduced by ~95%, relative to abundances in an upstream reference reach. A survey of poisoned vs. reference pools, combined with a manipulative experiment (in which atyid and xiphocaridid shrimps were added to 3 poisoned pools), showed that reduced shrimp abundances due to the poisoning had strong impacts on benthic resources. The benthos of poisoned pools, where shrimp abundances were reduced, had 4 times more chlorophyll a, 6 times more algal biovolume, 4 times more fine particulate organic matter, 14 times more fine particulate inorganic matter, 5 times more carbon, and 4 times more nitrogen than did the benthos of pools in the reference reach. These increases in benthic resources were consistent with increases in algae, organic/inorganic matter, and nutrients in previous small-scale shrimp exclusion experiments conducted in the study river and tributaries. Effects of shrimp poisoning on the benthos varied by habitat, with riffles showing fewer significant differences than did pools. Compared to reference riffles, poisoned riffles had higher standing stocks of fine particulate inorganic matter, nitrogen, and biovolume of filamentous algae, and lower epilithic C:N ratios. Overall, previous small-scale exclusion experiments were highly predictive of the direction of effects due to large-scale shrimp removal by poisoning. Our study provides a tropical data set to add to the short list of stream studies that examine the pred
Divergence, gene flow and the origin of leapfrog geographic distributions: the history of color pattern variation in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs
<p>The geographic distribution of phenotypic variation among closely related populations is a valuable source of information about the evolutionary processes that generate and maintain biodiversity. Leapfrog distributions, in which phenotypically similar populations are disjunctly distributed and separated by one or more phenotypically distinct populations, represent geographic replicates for the existence of a phenotype, and are therefore especially informative. Phyllobates poison frogs. We found evidence for high levels of gene flow between neighboring populations but not over long distances, indicating that gene flow between populations exhibiting the central phenotype may have a homogenizing effect that maintains their similarity, and that introgression between "leapfroging" taxa has not played a prominent role as a driver of phenotypic diversity in <i>Phyllobates</i>. Although phylogenetic analyses suggest that the leapfrog distribution was formed through independent evolution of the peripheral (i.e. leapfrogging) populations, the elevated levels of gene flow between geographically close populations poise alternative scenarios, such as the history of phenotypic change becoming decoupled from genome-averaged patterns of divergence, which we cannot rule out. These results highlight the importance of incorporating gene flow between populations into the study of geographic variation in phenotypes, both as a driver of phenotypic diversity and as a confounding factor of phylogeographic inferences.</p>
Evidence for individual vocal recognition in a pair-bonding poison frog, Ranitomeya imitator
<p>Individually distinctive vocalizations are widespread in nature, although the ability of receivers to discriminate these signals has only been explored through limited taxonomic and social lenses. Here, we asked whether anuran advertisement calls, typically studied for their role in territory defense and mate attraction, facilitate recognition and preferential association with partners in a pair-bonding poison frog (<em>Ranitomeya imitator</em>). Combining no- and two-stimulus choice playback experiments, we evaluated behavioral responses of females to male acoustic stimuli. Virgin females oriented to and approached speakers broadcasting male calls independent of caller identity, implying that females are generally attracted to male acoustic stimuli outside the context of a pair bond. When pair-bonded females were presented with calls of a mate and a stranger, they showed significant preference for calls of their mate. Moreover, behavioral responses varied with breeding status: females with eggs were faster to approach stimuli than females that were pair-bonded but did not currently have eggs. Our study suggests a potential role for individual vocal recognition in the formation and maintenance of pair bonds in a poison frog and raises new questions about how acoustic signals are perceived in the context of monogamy and biparental care.</p>
Data for: Investigating signal modalities of aposematism in a poison frog
<p>Aposematic species combine a conspicuous signal with a secondary defense, the majority of which are studied in the context of a visual signal. While multimodality of the aposematic signal appears to be common in invertebrate species, we know very little about the presence or absence of multimodality in vertebrates. Here we examine the possibility of multimodality of aposematism in the green and black poison frog, <em>Dendrobates auratus. </em>Using a non-visual predator (the cat-eyed snake, <em>Leptodeira annulata</em>) and extractions of chemicals in frog skins, we test whether there is sufficient non-visual information for predators to avoid this aposematic species without using visual cues. We found that experienced predators avoid chemicals in this poison frog's skin by olfactory cues alone in trials with live frogs and extracts from captive poison frogs, whereas extracts from wild poison frogs did not lead to avoidance behaviors in predators. Further, in our limited sampling, naïve predators demonstrate no avoidance. This not only indicates that predators can make informed decisions from the frog's odor but also indicates that avoidance based on olfactory cue is a learned response.</p>
Figure 2 in In vitro study of antimicrobial activity of some plant seeds against bacterial strains causing food poisoning diseases
Figure 2. MIC's of the effective plant seeds powder against S. aureus and K. pneumonia, ± standard error.
Fig. 76 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 76. Strict consensus of 25,872 most parsimonious trees of 46,520 steps: relationships among dendrobatids. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers following terminal names are unique sample identifiers. Terminals without numbers or with alphanumeric identifiers (GenBank numbers) were not sequenced for the present study or Frost et al. (2006) and were taken from GenBank. Unidentified species taken from GenBank are labeled as originally published. Upper right inset shows entire cladogram and corresponding figure numbers, with present view in black.
Fig. 68 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 68. Length variation in character 142, retroarticular process of the mandible. A: nocturnus, AMNH 130041. B: riveroi, AMNH 134142. C: vittatus, AMNH 118386. D: lehmanni Myers and Daly, AMNH118442. E: pratti, AMNH118364. F: ''Neblina species'', AMNH 118667.
Fig. 72 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 72. Strict consensus of 25,872 most parsimonious trees of 46,520 steps: relationships among dendrobatids. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers following terminal names are unique sample identifiers. Terminals without numbers or with alphanumeric identifiers (GenBank numbers) were not sequenced for the present study or Frost et al. (2006) and were taken from GenBank. Unidentified species taken from GenBank are labeled as originally published. Upper right inset shows entire cladogram and corresponding figure numbers, with present view in black.
Fig. 74 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 74. Strict consensus of 25,872 most parsimonious trees of 46,520 steps: relationships among dendrobatids. Numbers above branches are Bremer support values. Numbers following terminal names are unique sample identifiers. Terminals without numbers or with alphanumeric identifiers (GenBank numbers) were not sequenced for the present study or Frost et al. (2006) and were taken from GenBank. Unidentified species taken from GenBank are labeled as originally published. Upper right inset shows entire cladogram and corresponding figure numbers, with present view in black.
Fig. 62. Character 105, reproductive amplexus. State 2 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 62. Character 105, reproductive amplexus. State 2, cephalic amplexus (anthonyi, AMNH live exhibit) shown in anterior (A) and lateral (B) aspects.
Fig. 63. Character 109, dorsal larval transport. State 1 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 63. Character 109, dorsal larval transport. State 1, present (fraterdanieli, specimens at UVC). This male nurse frog was transporting 12 tadpoles.
Fig. 57 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 57. Anterior view of the open mouth of the dendrobatid praderioi (CPI 10203) showing the short, tapered median lingual process (MLP).
Fig. 55. Character 70, m. semitendinosus binding tendon. State 1 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 55. Character 70, m. semitendinosus binding tendon. State 1, present (aurotaenia, AMNH 161109), photograph (left) and outline drawing (right) showing view of the concealed surface of the knee. The mm. gracilis complex is deflected ventrally to reveal the dorsad ''ranid'' path of the m. semitendinosus and the secondary binding tendon that straps it to the outer edge of the mm. gracilis complex.
Fig. 54. Character 69, m in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 54. Character 69, m. semitendinosus insertion. Photograph (left) and outline drawing (right) of ventral view of distal thigh of Thoropa miliaris (AMNH 17044), showing state 0, ventrad ''bufonid'' path of insertion. Arrow indicates the m. semitendinosus tendon of insertion.
Fig. 52. Character 67 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 52. Character 67, adult testis (mesorchium) color. State 2, entirely pigmented testes (claudiae, AMNH 124257) in ventral view.
Fig. 46. Character 61, male throat color. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 46. Character 61, male throat color. A: State 0, pale, free or almost free of melanophores (''Neblina species'', AMNH 118689). B: State 1, dark due to absence of iridophores (abditaurantius, ICN 9853). This character-state is inconspicuous in preserved specimens but obvious in living or recently prepared specimens. C: State 2, evenly stippled gray (infraguttatus, AMNH 104846). Note that the gularchest markings (character 58) of infraguttatus do not interfere with the even stippling of the throat. D: State 3, pale with dark spots (''nubicola-spC'', MHNUC 321). E: State 4, solid dark (inguinalis, LACM 42329). F: State 5, dark with discrete pale spotting/reticulation/marbling (tricolor, USNM 286082).
Fig. 48. Character 63, male abdomen color. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 48. Character 63, male abdomen color. A: State 0, pale, free or almost free of melanophores (''Neblina species'', AMNH 118689). B: State 1, pale with discrete dark spotting/reticulation/marbling (quinquevittatus, AMNH 124069). C: State 2, evenly stippled (talamancae, AMNH 113893). D: State 3, dark with discrete pale spotting/reticulation/marbling (infraguttatus, AMNH 104846). E: State 4, irregular (clumped) stippling or faint,
Fig. 53. Character 68, mature ova color. A in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 53. Character 68, mature ova color. A: State 0, white or yellowish (Atelopus spurrelli, AMNH 50983). B: State 1, pigmented (brown) (''Neblina species'', AMNH 118679).
Fig. 44 in PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS OF DART-POISON FROGS AND THEIR RELATIVES (AMPHIBIA: ATHESPHATANURA: DENDROBATIDAE)
Fig. 44. Extensive subdermal melanosis of the collar region. A, B: nocturnus (AMNH 130008). C, D: galactonotus (AMNH 128233). Note also the irregular (clumped) stippling or faint, diffuse spotting in A (character 61, state 6; see below).
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