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29 results for “pollen transport”
Construction, validation and application of nocturnal pollen transport networks in an agro-ecosystem: datasets collected using light microscopy and DNA metabarcoding
<p>This dataset contains all data required to reproduce the analyses conducted in Macgregor <em>et al. </em>(2018), using the R Notebook archived at doi: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1322712">10.5281/zenodo.1322712</a>.</p> <p>Specifically, the dataset contains details of pollen transport detected on two matched samples, each containing 311 moths of 41 species, using two methods: a traditional light microscopy approach and a novel DNA metabarcoding approach. Both raw and manually-curated versions of each dataset are archived for full clarity. The dataset additionally contains all metadata required to fully interpret these data, including the RGB tables used to prepare Fig 4 in Macgregor <em>et al. </em>(2018).</p> <p>Macgregor <em>et al. </em>(2018) Construction, validation and application of nocturnal pollen transport networks in an agro-ecosystem: a comparison using light microscopy and DNA metabarcoding. <em>Ecological Entomology</em>, doi: <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/een.12674">10.1111/een.12674</a>.</p>
Data from: What makes a good pollinator? Abundant and specialized insects with long flight periods transport the most strawberry pollen
<ol> <li>Despite the importance of insect pollination to produce marketable fruits, insect pollination management is limited by insufficient knowledge about key crop pollinator species. This lack of knowledge is due in part to: 1) the extensive labour involved in collecting direct observations of pollen-transport, 2) the variability of insect assemblages over space and time, and 3) the possibility that pollinators may need access to wild plants as well as crop floral resources.</li> <li>We address these problems using strawberry in the UK as a case study. First, we compare two proxies for estimating pollinator importance: flower visits and pollen transport. Pollen-transport data might provide a closer approximation of pollination service, but visitation data are less time-consuming to collect. Second, we identify insect parameters that are associated with high importance as pollinators, estimated using each of the proxies above. Third, we estimated insects' use of wild plants as well as the strawberry crop.</li> <li>Overall, pollinator importances estimated based on easier-to-collect visitation data were strongly correlated with importances estimated based on pollen loads. Both frameworks suggest that bees <em>Apis</em> and <em>Bombus</em> and hoverflies <em>Eristalis</em> are likely to be key pollinators of strawberries, although visitation data underestimate the importance of bees.</li> <li>Moving beyond species identities, abundant, relatively specialised insects with long active periods are likely to provide more pollination service. </li> <li>Most insects visiting strawberry plants also carried pollen from wild plants, suggesting that pollinators need diverse floral resources.</li> <li>Identifying essential pollinators or pollinator parameters based on visitation data will reach the same general conclusions as those using pollen transport data, at least in monoculture crop systems. Managers may be able to enhance pollination service by preserving habitats surrounding crop fields to complement pollinators' diets and provide habitats for diverse life stages of wild pollinators.</li> </ol>
Data from: What makes a good pollinator? Abundant and specialized insects with long flight periods transport the most strawberry pollen
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Data from: Patterns and drivers of pollen co-transport network structure vary across pollinator functional groups
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Data from: Bee-mediated pollen transport across five urban landscape features: Buildings are important barriers
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Data from: Promiscuious pollinators - evidence from an Afromontane sunbird-plant pollen transport network
Sunbirds play a major role in the pollination of Old World nectiverous plants. However, with the exception of the Cape Floristic Region there is a major knowledge gap around African nectivore interaction networks- a stark contrast from the abundance of neotropical hummingbird-plant networks. Here we describe a sunbird pollen transfer network (PTN) which we use in conjunction with a sunbird- flower visitation network (FVN) to explore levels of sunbird specialization within an Afromontane forest habitat. Both networks were generalised compared with similar sized hummingbird networks, reflecting the wide range of flower types visited, the generalist diet and bill characteistics of sunbirds. Three sunbird species from the genus Cinnyris accounted for 85% of flower visits and 77% of all pollen transported. Of the 17 plant species across both networks, 15 are predominantly pollinated by insects while Anthonotha noldeae (Fabaceae- Caesalpinoidie) and Globimetula braunii (Loranthaceae) depend on sunbirds for seed set. Sunbird species average bill lengths varied between 14.5 mm (the variable sunbird) to 23.6 mm (the green headed sunbird) but while more pollen was carried on longer bills we found no evidence for a relationship between bill length and type of flower visited. Both networks were nested. Some specialization was observed in both networks although this does not appear to be driven much by sunbird –flower trait matching. Overall, our results suggest that in contrast to nectivores elsewhere, factors such as phenology and/or environment, rather than morphology may play important roles in limiting potential sunbird-flower interactions and need further investigation.
Data from: Wildfire alters the structure and seasonal dynamics of nocturnal pollen-transport networks
Wildfires drive global biodiversity patterns and affect plant–pollinator interactions, and are expected to become more frequent and severe under climate change. Post‐fire plant communities often have increased floral abundance and diversity, but the effects of wildfires on the ecological process of pollination are poorly understood. Nocturnal moths are globally important pollinators, but no previous study has examined the effects of wildfire on nocturnal pollination interactions. We investigated the effects of wildfire on nocturnal pollen‐transport networks. We analysed the abundance and species richness of moths and flowers, and the structure of these networks, at three burned and three unburned sites in Portugal for two years, starting eight months after a large fire. Nocturnal pollen‐transport networks had lower complexity and robustness following the fire than at nearby unburned sites. Overall, 70% of individual moths carried pollen, and moths were found to be transporting pollen from 83% of the flower species present. Burned sites had significantly more abundant flowers, but less abundant and species‐rich moths. Individual moths transported more pollen in summer at burned sites, but less in winter; however, total pollen transport by the moth assemblage at burned sites was just 20% of that at unburned sites. Interaction turnover between burned and unburned networks was high. Negative effects of fire upon moths will likely permeate to other taxa through loss of mutualisms. Therefore, if wildfires become more frequent under climate change, community resilience may be eroded. Understanding the responses of ecological networks to wildfire can inform management that promotes resilience and facilitates whole‐ecosystem conservation.
Data from: Downscaling pollen-transport networks to the level of individuals
1. Most plant-pollinator network studies are conducted at species level whereas little is known about network patterns at the individual level. In fact, nodes in traditional species-based interaction networks are aggregates of individuals establishing the actual links observed in nature. Thus, emergent properties of interaction networks might be the result of mechanisms acting at the individual level. 2. Pollen loads carried by insect flower-visitors from two mountain communities were studied to construct pollen-transport networks. For the first time, these community-wide pollen-transport networks were downscaled from species-species (sp-sp) to individuals-species (i-sp) in order to explore specialization, network patterns and niche variation at both interacting levels. We used a null model approach to account for network size differences inherent to the downscaling process. Specifically, our objectives were: (i) to investigate whether network structure changes with downscaling, (ii) to evaluate the incidence and magnitude of individual specialization in pollen use, and (iii) to identify potential ecological factors influencing the observed degree of individual specialization. 3. Network downscaling revealed a high specialization of pollinator individuals, which was masked and unexplored in sp-sp networks. The average number of interactions per node, connectance, interaction diversity and degree of nestedness decreased in i-sp networks, because generalized pollinator species were composed of specialized and idiosyncratic conspecific individuals. An analysis with 21 pollinator species representative of two communities showed that mean individual pollen resource niche was only c. 46% of the total species niche. 4.The degree of individual specialization was associated to inter- and intraspecific overlap in pollen use and it was higher for abundant than for rare species. Such niche heterogeneity depends on individual differences in foraging behaviour and likely has implications for community dynamics and species stability. 5. Our findings highlight the importance of taking inter-individual variation into account when studying higher–order structures such as interaction networks. We argue that exploring individual-based networks will improve our understanding of species-based networks and will enhance the link between network analysis, foraging theory and evolutionary biology.
Data from: Pollen analogues are transported across greater distances in bee-pollinated than in hummingbird-pollinated species of Justicia (Acanthaceae)
Several hummingbird-pollinated plant lineages have been demonstrated to show increased rates of diversification compared to related insect-pollinated lineages. It has been argued that this pattern is produced by a higher degree of specialization on part of both hummingbirds and plants. We here test an alternative hypothesis: The often highly territorial hummingbirds may on average carry pollen over shorter distances than other pollinators and drive diversification by reducing gene flow distances. We present experimental data from pollen analogue tracking showing shorter dispersal distances in hummingbird- than in bee-pollinated species among ten neotropical species of Justicia (Acanthaceae).
Individual bee foragers are less efficient transporters of pollen for the plants from which they collect the most pollen into their scopae
<p><strong>PREMISE</strong>: Bees provision most of the pollen they remove from anthers to their larvae and transport only a small proportion to stigmas, which can negatively affect plant fitness. Though most bee species collect pollen from multiple plant species, we know little about how the efficiency of bees' pollen transport varies among host plant species, or how it relates to other aspects of generalist bee foraging behavior that benefit plant fitness, such as specialization on individual foraging bouts.</p> <p><strong>METHODS</strong>: We compared the pollen collected and transported by three bee species for 46 co-occurring plant species. Specifically, we compared the relative abundance of pollen taxa in individual bees' scopae, structures where bees store pollen to provision larvae, with the relative abundance of pollen taxa on the rest of bees' bodies, which is more likely to be transferred to stigmas. </p> <p><strong>RESULTS</strong>: Bees carried five times more pollen grains in their scopae than elsewhere on their bodies. Within foraging bouts, bees were relatively specialized in their pollen collection, but transported proportionally less pollen for the host plants on which they specialized. Across foraging bouts, two bee species transported proportionally less pollen for some of their host plants than for others, though differences didn't consistently follow the same trend as at the foraging bout scale.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS</strong>: Our results suggest that foraging bout specialization, which is known to reduce heterospecific pollen transfer, also results in less efficient pollen transport. Thus, bee foragers that visit predominantly one plant species may have contrasting effects on that plant's fitness. </p>
Raw data and R code for: Negative effects of urbanisation on diurnal and nocturnal pollen-transport networks
<p>Pollinating insects are declining due to habitat loss and climate change, and cities with limited habitat and floral resources may be particularly vulnerable. The effects of urban landscapes on pollination networks remain poorly understood, and comparative studies of taxa with divergent niches are lacking. Here, for the first time, we simultaneously compare nocturnal moth and diurnal bee pollen-transport networks using DNA metabarcoding and ask how pollination networks are affected by increasing urbanisation. Bees and moths exhibited substantial divergence in the communities of plants they interact with. Increasing urbanisation had comparable negative effects on pollen-transport networks of both taxa, with significant declines in pollen species richness. We show that moths are an important, but overlooked, component of urban pollen-transport networks for wild flowering plants, horticultural crops, and trees. Our findings highlight the need to include both bee and non-bee taxa when assessing the status of critical plant-insect interactions in urbanised landscapes.</p>
Individual bee foragers are less efficient transporters of pollen for the plants from which they collect the most pollen into their scopae
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Raw data and R code for: Negative effects of urbanisation on diurnal and nocturnal pollen-transport networks
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Data from: Pollen analogues are transported across greater distances in bee-pollinated than in hummingbird-pollinated species of Justicia (Acanthaceae)
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Data from: Promiscuious pollinators - evidence from an Afromontane sunbird-plant pollen transport network
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Data from: Downscaling pollen-transport networks to the level of individuals
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Data from: Wildfire alters the structure and seasonal dynamics of nocturnal pollen-transport networks
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Data from: Generalisation and specialisation in hoverfly (Syrphidae) grassland pollen transport networks revealed by DNA metabarcoding
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Data from: ABCG transporters are required for suberin and pollen wall extracellular barriers in Arabidopsis
Effective regulation of water balance in plants requires localized extracellular barriers that control water and solute movement. We describe a clade of five Arabidopsis thaliana ABCG half-transporters that are required for synthesis of an effective suberin barrier in roots and seed coats (ABCG2, ABCG6, and ABCG20) and for synthesis of an intact pollen wall (ABCG1 and ABCG16). Seed coats of abcg2 abcg6 abcg20 triple mutant plants had increased permeability to tetrazolium red and decreased suberin content. The root system of triple mutant plants was more permeable to water and salts in a zone complementary to that affected by the Casparian strip. Suberin of mutant roots and seed coats had distorted lamellar structure and reduced proportions of aliphatic components. Root wax from the mutant was deficient in alkylhydroxycinnamate esters. These mutant plants also had few lateral roots and precocious secondary growth in primary roots. abcg1 abcg16 double mutants defective in the other two members of the clade had pollen with defects in the nexine layer of the tapetum-derived exine pollen wall and in the pollen-derived intine layer. Mutant pollen collapsed at the time of anther desiccation. These mutants reveal transport requirements for barrier synthesis as well as physiological and developmental consequences of barrier deficiency.
Data from: The topological differences between visitation and pollen transport networks: a comparison in species rich communities of the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains
Pollination networks are usually constructed and assessed by direct field observations which commonly assume that all flower visitors are true pollinators. However, this assumption is often invalid and the use of data based on mere visitors to flowers may lead to a misunderstanding of intrinsic pollination networks. Here, using a large dataset by both sampling floral visitors and analyzing their pollen loads, we constructed 32 networks pairs (visitation vs. pollen transport) across one flowering season at four elevation sites in the Himalaya-Hengduan Mountains region. Pollen analysis was conducted to determine which flower visitors acted as potential pollinators (pollen vectors) or as cheaters (those not carrying pollen of the visited plants). We tested whether there were topological differences between visitation and pollen transport networks and whether different taxonomic groups of insect visitors differed in their ability to carry pollen of the visited plants. Our results indicated that there was a significantly higher degree of specialization at both the network and species levels in the pollen transport networks in contrast to the visitation networks. Modularity was lower but nestedness was higher in the visitation networks compared to the pollen transport networks. All the cheaters were identified as peripheral species and most of them contributed positively to the nested structure. This may explain in part the differences in modularity and nestedness between the two network types. Bees carried the highest proportion of pollen of the visited plants. This was followed by Coleoptera, other Hymenoptera and Diptera. Lepidoptera carried the lowest proportion of pollen of the visited plants. Our study shows that the construction of pollen transport networks could provide a more in-depth understanding of plant-pollinator interactions. Moreover, it suggests that detecting and removing cheater interactions when studying the topology of other mutualistic networks might be also important.
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