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17 results for “pollinator behaviour”
Fig. 2 in Pollination efficiency on Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae): morphological and behavioural aspects of floral visitors
Fig. 2. Relation between the average width of bee species and the width of the internal area of the floral tube of Ipomoea bahiensis. Horizontal dashed lines = confidence interval of the internal area of the floral tube. Points = average visitor size, Bars = confidence interval. Species: (A) Ancyloscelis apiformes; (B) Apis mellifera; (C) Centris (Hemisiela) tarsata; (D) Euglossa (Euglossa) sp.; (E) Gaesischia (Gaesischia) cf. similis; (F) Melipona quadrifasciata; (G) Melitoma segmentaria; (H) Melitoma sp. 1; (I) Melitoma sp. 2; (J) Melitomella murihirta; (K) Ptilithrix cf. plumata; (L) Ptiloglossa sp.; (M) Protomeliturga turnerae; (N) Thygater (Thygater) analis; (O) Trigona spinipes; (P) Augochlora sp.; (Q) Pseudaugochlora pandora
Fig. 1 in Pollination efficiency on Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae): morphological and behavioural aspects of floral visitors
Fig. 1. Comparison between the probabilities of fruit formation in different treatments of reproductive biology test and the control in Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae), in Feira de Santana (BA). Control in natural conditions in the horizontal line, points = other treatments: apomixis (A), spontaneous self-pollination (SS), manual self-pollination (MS), geitonogamy (G), and xenogamy (X).
Data from: An experimental evaluation of traits that influence the sexual behaviour of pollinators in sexually deceptive orchids
Pollination by sexual deception of male insects is perhaps one of the most remarkable cases of mimicry in the plant kingdom. However, understanding the influence of floral traits on pollinator behaviour in sexually deceptive orchids is challenging, due to the risk of confounding changes in floral odour when manipulating morphology. Here, we investigated the floral traits influencing the sexual response of male Zaspilothynnus nigripes (Tiphiidae) wasps, a pollinator of two distantly related sexually deceptive orchids with contrasting floral architecture, Caladenia pectinata and Drakaea livida. In D. livida the chemical sexual attractant is emitted from the labellum, while in C. pectinata it is produced from the distal sepal tips, allowing manipulative experiments. When controlling for visual cues there was no difference in long distance attraction, though the floral odour of D. livida induced copulation more frequently than that of C. pectinata. The role of colour in pollinator sexual attraction was equivocal, indicating that colour may not be a strong constraint on the initial evolution of sexual deception. The frequency of wasp visitors landing on C. pectinata decreased when the amount of floral odour was reduced, but attempted copulation rates were enhanced when the source of floral odour was associated with the labellum. These latter variables may represent axes of selection that operate across many sexually deceptive species. Nonetheless, the observed variation in floral traits suggests flexibility in how sexual deception can be achieved.
Observational foraging behaviour of avian pollinators in restored and remnant Banksia woodlands
<p>Pollinators, and the pollination services they provide, are critical for seed set and self-sustainability of most flowering plants. Despite this, pollinators are rarely assessed in restored plant communities, where their services are largely assumed to re-establish. This data set contains the bird-pollinator richness, foraging and bird interaction behaviour between natural and restored Banksia woodland sites in Western Australia. These parameters were measured for natural communities of varying size and degree of fragmentation, and restored plant communities of high and low complexity for three years, in the summer and winter flowering of <i>Banksia attenuata</i> and <i>B. menziesii</i>, respectively. Data collected was used to assess the re-establishment of avian pollinators in restored sites.</p>
Figure 4 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 4. Comparison of mean ± standard error (SE) of various aspects of sternotribic and nototribic foraging efficiency for different foraging behaviours. (a) Number of open flowers per visited inflorescence. (b) Number of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. (c) The proportion of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. None of the comparisons were significantly different (P <0.05).
Figure 3 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 3. Mean proportion ± 95% confidence interval (CI) of direction of flower probing based on (a) Cinnyris chalybeus sex and (b) foraging behaviour. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05). Hovering behaviour was not included in the statistical analysis as it always resulted in sternotrobic foraging.
Figure 1 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 1. Pelargonium fulgidum plants and Cinnyris chalybeus sunbird pollinators. (a) Plants of P. fulgidum flower in dense coastal scrub on sand dunes along the west coast of South Africa. (b) Top view of the fan-shaped P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the number of open flowers and the angles among open flowers and peduncle. (c) Side view of P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the angles of peduncle and pedicels. (d) Male C. chalybeus with its slightly decurved bill. (e) Pelargonium fulgidum flower in longitudinal cross section, showing the slightly upcurved nectar tube and the reproductive parts partly blocking the flower entrance. Scale bars: b, d = 10 mm; e = 5 mm.
Figure 2 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
Figure 2. All different foraging positions and perch uses observed in this study. (a) Nototribic foraging by a Cinnyris chalybeus male using an alternative perch. (b) Nototrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus male using the inflorescence as perch. (c) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using the inflorescence as perch. (d) Sternotrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using an alternative perch. (e) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female while hovering. The association between bird sex and flower probing direction is not representative.
Data from: An experimental evaluation of traits that influence the sexual behaviour of pollinators in sexually deceptive orchids
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Aphid infestation induces plant-sex-specific changes in floral chemistry and pollinator behaviour in <em>Silene latifolia</em>
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Observational foraging behaviour of avian pollinators in restored and remnant Banksia woodlands
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Data from: Visual and odours cues: plant responses to pollination and herbivory affect the behaviour of flower visitors
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Effects of sexual dimorphism on pollinator behaviour in a dioecious species
<p><span><span>Floral traits often display sexual dimorphism in insect-pollinated dioecious plant species, with male individuals typically being showier than females. While this strategy is theorized to be optimal when pollinators are abundant, it might represent a risk when they become scarce, because the disproportionately high number of visits on the most attractive sex, males, might preclude efficient pollen transfer from males to females. Here, the effect of sexual dimorphism on pollination efficiency was assessed in experimental arrays of dioecious <i>Silene dioica</i> that were exposed to one frequent visitor of the species, <i>Bombus terrestris</i>, and that differed in the magnitude of sexual dimorphism for either flower number or flower size. We measured the number of visits on female plants, on female flowers and on the number of female flowers visited after a male flower, as well as the number of pollen grains deposited per stigma.</span></span></p>
Table 3 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Summary of sunbird foraging behaviour. During consistent bouts none of the aspects of foraging behaviour quantified here changed during a plant visit, whereas during variable bouts foraging behaviour and/or flower probing direction changed during a plant visit. Values represent total number of foraging bouts (2022/2023 bouts).</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>Nototrobic and</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Nototribic flower</td><td>Sternotribic flower</td><td>sternotrobic</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>probing</td><td>probing</td><td>flower probing</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td><td>Female</td><td>Male</td></tr><tr><th>Consistent</th><td>Hovering</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9 (0/9)</td><td>10 (0/10)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Alternative perch</td><td>4 (3/1)</td><td>9 (2/7)</td><td>15 (6/9)</td><td>10 (2/8)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Inflorescence perch</td><td>23 (3/20)</td><td>10 (3/7)</td><td>2 (0/2)</td><td>2 (1/1)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Variable</th><td>Inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2 (0/2)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hovering and alternative perch</td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Hovering and inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Alternative perch and inflorescence perch</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td>1 (0/1)</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (sample size) of sunbird measurements.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th><i>Cinnyris chalybeus</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Male</td><td>Female</td></tr><tr><th>Bill length (mm)**</th><td>18.59 ± 1.03 (21)</td><td>16.45 ± 0.73 (6)</td></tr><tr><th>Bill base diameter (mm)</th><td>2.88 ± 0.27 (20)</td><td>2.92 ± 0.23 (6)</td></tr><tr><th>Bill height (mm)</th><td>3.53 ± 0.40 (21)</td><td>3.30 ± 0.44 (6)</td></tr></tbody></table><p>**Differed significantly between male and female sunbirds (P <0.05).</p>
Table 1 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum
<p><b>Table 1.</b> Mean ± standard deviation (SD) (sample size) of Pelargonium <i>fulgidum</i> measurements.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th>P. fulgidum</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Peduncle length (mm)</th><td>45.5 ± 12.3 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Peduncle angle (°)</th><td>24.2 ± 15.1 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Pedicel length (mm)</th><td>32.4 ± 3.2 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Number of open flowers per inflorescence</th><td>5.3 ± 1.5 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Angle between peduncle and nearest flower (°)</th><td>94.7 ± 18.4 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Angle between two outermost flowers of inflorescence (°)</th><td>145.3 ± 31.8 (21)</td></tr><tr><th>Most upright flower angle (°)</th><td>18.1 ± 10.5 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Most downward flower angle (°)</th><td>−1.7 ± 12.6 (35)</td></tr><tr><th>Hypanthium length (mm)</th><td>26.0 ± 2.2 (20)</td></tr><tr><th>Reproductive organ length (mm)</th><td>5.55 ± 1.3 (20)</td></tr><tr><th>Nectar volume (μL)</th><td>12.8 ± 8.2 (19)</td></tr><tr><th>Sugar concentration (% brix)</th><td>18.2 ± 3.2 (19)</td></tr></tbody></table>
Effects of sexual dimorphism on pollinator behaviour in a dioecious species
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