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66 results for “pollinator visitation”
Pollinator visitation, flower count, and seed set in Black Sand plots, 2020.
Anthropogenic climate change is altering interactions among numerous species, including plants and pollinators. Plant-pollinator interactions, crucial for the persistence of most plant and many insect species, are threatened by climate change-driven phenological shifts. Phenological mismatches between plants and their pollinators may affect pollination services, and simulations indicated that these mismatches may reduce floral resources available to up to 50% of insect pollinator species. Although alpine plants rely heavily on vegetative reproduction, seedling recruitment and seed dispersal are likely to be important drivers of alpine community structure. Similarly, advanced flowering may expose plants to increased risk of frost damage and shifted soil moisture regimes; phenologically advanced plants will experience these environmental factors differently, which may alter their floral resource production. These effects may be dependent upon topography. Some species of alpine plants on the Niwot Ridge have displayed advanced phenology under treatments of advanced snowmelt (Forrester, 2021). However, little is understood about how these differences in distribution and phenology affect pollinator community composition and plant fecundity. Here we strive to examine how experimentally-induced changes in the timing of flowering and number of flowers produced by plants impact plant-pollinator interactions and seed set. We also ask how topography and the number of flowers interact with early snowmelt to affect pollination rates and the diversity of pollinating insects. Finally, we ask how seed set of Geum rossii is affected by pollinator visitation at different times of the season, under experimentally advanced snowmelt versus unmanipulated snowmelt, and with visitation by different insect taxa. In summer 2020, we found that plots with advanced phenology experienced peaks in pollinator visitation rates and pollinator diversity earlier than plots with unmanipulated snowmelt.
Pollinator visitation and floral resource production in Black Sand plots, 2019.
Anthropogenic climate change is altering interactions among numerous species, including plants and pollinators. Plant-pollinator interactions, crucial for the persistence of most plant and many insect species, are threatened by climate change-driven phenological shifts. Phenological mismatches between plants and their pollinators may affect pollination services, and simulations indicated that these mismatches may reduce floral resources available to up to 50 percent of insect pollinator species. Although alpine plants rely heavily on vegetative reproduction, seedling recruitment and seed dispersal are likely to be important drivers of alpine community structure. Similarly, advanced flowering may expose plants to increased risk of frost damage and shifted soil moisture regimes; phenologically advanced plants will experience these environmental factors differently, which may alter their floral resource production. Some species of alpine plants on the Niwot Ridge have displayed advanced phenology under treatments of advanced snowmelt (Forrester, unpublished data). However, little is understood about how these differences in distribution and phenology affect floral resources, pollinator community composition, and plant fecundity. Here we strive to examine how changes in the timing of flowering and number of flowers produced by plants, driven by experimental changes to climatic conditions at individual sites impact pollinator communities. In summer 2019, we found that plots with advanced phenology experienced peaks in pollinator visitation rates and pollinator diversity earlier than plots with unmanipulated snowmelt. We expect this to be because of the advanced floral phenology of certain key species in these plots. We did not find evidence that plants with advanced phenology produce fewer floral resources.
Individual and community flowering phenology, seed counts and pollinator visitation rates in shrub and open plots across Niwot Ridge, 2019 - 2021.
Climate-change induced alterations in environmental conditions in the alpine tundra has led to the expansion of woody shrubs, known as “shrubification.” Shrubification is thought to change microclimatic conditions, potentially leading to changes in plant community composition. Shrubification has been taking place at Niwot Ridge, a Long Term Ecological Research site nestled in the mountains of Colorado, for the past 40 years. Thus far, Niwot Ridge has seen some change in alpine plant communities due to shrubification, and changes in plant reproductive capacity and success could lead to future alterations of community composition. One important aspect in plant reproductive success is the timing of flowering, known as flowering phenology. Flowering phenology is controlled partially by environmental conditions, and thus is somewhat plastic for many species. In the first part of my thesis, I explore how shrubification may be causing changes in flowering phenology for 21 different plant species in the alpine tundra community at Niwot Ridge. I conducted an observational study over three years, monitoring the number of flowers present in 54 pairs of shrub-influenced and open plots, totaling 108 plots. I found that there is no difference in the flowering phenology between open and shrub-influenced plots. There is a measurable difference in the number of flowers produced between shrub and open plots, with open plots having more flowers on average, This difference is likely due to there being fewer plants in shrub-influenced plots. A second aspect explores shrub effects on the reproductive success of five different alpine species. In the field season of 2021, I took seeds from these five species from 12 pairs of shrub and open plots, totaling 24 plots. I counted and weighed the seeds to determine reproductive success; there was no difference in reproductive success between shrub and open plots.
Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
<p>Pollinators are declining globally, with climate change implicated as an important driver. Climate change can induce phenological shifts and reduce floral resources for pollinators, but little is known about its effects on floral attractiveness and how this might cascade to affect pollinators, pollination functions and plant fitness. We used an in situ long-term drought experiment to investigate multiple impacts of reduced precipitation in a natural Mediterranean shrubland, a habitat where climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts. Focusing on three insect-pollinated plant species that provide abundant rewards and support a diversity of pollinators (<em>Cistus</em> <em>albidus</em>, <em>Salvia</em> <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>Thymus</em> <em>vulgaris</em>), we investigated the effects of drought on a suite of floral traits including nectar production and floral scent. We also measured the impact of reduced rainfall on pollinator visits, fruit set and germination in <em>S</em>. <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>C</em>. <em>albidus</em>. Drought altered floral emissions of all three plant species qualitatively, and reduced nectar production in <em>T</em>. <em>vulgaris</em> only. <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em> and <em>Bombus</em> gr. <em>terrestris</em> visited more flowers in control plots than drought plots, while small wild bees visited more flowers in drought plots than control plots. Pollinator species richness did not differ significantly between treatments. Fruit set and seed set in <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and <em>C. albidus </em>did not differ significantly between control and drought plots, but seeds from drought plots had slower germination for <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and marginally lower germination success in <em>C. albidus</em>.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. Overall, we found limited but consistent impacts of a moderate experimental drought on floral phenotype, plant reproduction and pollinator visits. Increased aridity under climate change is predicted to be stronger than the level assessed in the present study. Drought impacts will likely be stronger and this could profoundly affect the structure and functioning of plant-pollinator networks in Mediterranean ecosystems.</p>
Data and code for "Pollen wars: Explosive pollination removes pollen deposited from previously visited flowers
<p>This data consist of 02 data files, 01 code script, and this README document, with the following data and code filenames and variables</p> <p>Data files and variables<br>1. [red flower experiment.csv] [Date: the date the data was taken; Flower number: the flower identity; labelled Pollen count on beak: number of pollen grains placed on hummingbird’s bill; Total unlabelled pollen grains on beak: number of unlabelled pollen grains on the hummingbird’s bill after visit; labelled pollen on flower keel: number of pollen grains on flower keel after visit; labelled pollen on petals: number of labelled pollen on petals after visit; labelled pollen on flower hairs: number of labelled pollen on flower hairs after visit; Before or After treatment: whether the pollen grains were counted before or after floral visit; Treatment: whether the visit was done on triggered or untriggered flower; Beak Photo number: photo identity of the bill; Keel photo number: photo identity for the keel (none was taken); hair photo number: photo identity for the floral hairs (none was taken); comment: any observation on the experiment; Labelled grains transferred to stigma: number of labelled pollen grains on the stigma after explosion (only one data point); unlabelled grains transferred to stigma: number of unlabelled pollen grains on the stigma after explosion (only one data point)].</p> <p>2. 2. [explosion_data.csv] [Flower number: the flower identity; Before count: number of pollen grains before floral explosion; After Count: number of pollen grains after explosion; Before Minus after: the subtraction of the last two values; % pollen removed: percentage of pollen grains removed by the explosion; Proportion pollen removed: proportion of pollen grains removed by the explosion; % removed (arcsin root transformed): arcsin root transformation for the last values; Total unlabelled pollen grains on beak: total number of pollen grains counted on hummingbird’s bill; % removed (arcsin root transformed): arcsin root transformation for the percentage of pollen removed].<br> <br>Code scripts and workflow<br>[script_analysis_Hypenea.R: code for data analysis]<br>1. libraries used on the analysis;<br>2. data loading and processing for explosion analysis;<br>3. modelling; checking model adjustment; anova table; estimation of marginal means; getting predicted values by the model.<br>4. plotting figure;<br>5. data loading and processing for pollen removal;<br>6. modelling; checking model adjustment; anova table; getting predicted values by the model.<br>7. plotting figure; </p> <p>SOFTWARE VERSIONS</p> <p>All the statistical analyses were run in R environment version 4.3.1 (R Development Core Team, 2023) using the default and the following packages: glmmTMB (Brooks et al., 2017), emmeans (Russell, 2022) and car (Fox & Weisberg, 2019). Residual dispersion around the fitted models was checked using Dharma package (Hartig, 2022).</p> <p><br>REFERENCES<br>Brooks, M. E., Kristensen, K., van Benthem, K. J., Magnusson, A., Berg, C. W., Nielsen, A., Skaug, H. J., Mächler, M., and Bolker, B. M. 2017. glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling. The R Journal, 9(2), 378-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2017-066 </p> <p>Fox, J., and Weisberg, S. 2019. An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. URL: https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/</p> <p>Hartig, F. 2022. DHARMa: residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level/mixed) regression models. URL https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DHARMa/vignettes/DHARMa.html </p> <p>R Development Core Team. 2023. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL https://www.r-project.org/ </p> <p>Russell, V. L. 2022. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.7.4-1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans</p>
Fig. 4. Insects visiting Caesalpinia decapetala. A. Metasyrphus corollae. B. Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans. C. Celastrina argiolus. D. Bombus ardens ardens. E. Megachile japonica. F in Pollination biology of Caesalpinia decapetala (Leguminosae) in Korea
Fig. 4. Insects visiting Caesalpinia decapetala. A. Metasyrphus corollae. B. Xylocopa appendiculata circumvolans. C. Celastrina argiolus. D. Bombus ardens ardens. E. Megachile japonica. F. Anastrangalia sequensi.
Fig. 2 in Bugs carry pollen too: pollination efficiency of plant bug Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) visiting cotton flowers
Fig. 2. Pollination of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, by cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus: (A) number of seeds per fruit among pollination treatments; (B) seed mass per fruit among pollination treatments; (C) lint weight per fruit among pollination treatments. Bars represent treatment means and error bars represent ± standard error of the mean. Treatment means listed with the same letter are not significantly different (P> 0.05).
Fig. 1 in Bugs carry pollen too: pollination efficiency of plant bug Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) visiting cotton flowers
Fig. 1. Photographs of a cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, taken under a dissecting microscope (A) foraging on a cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, stigma, and (B) carrying cotton pollen grains.
Molecular assays of pollen use consistently reflect pollinator visitation patterns in a system of flowering plants
<p>Determining how pollinators visit plants versus how they carry and transfer pollen is an ongoing project in pollination ecology. The current tools for identifying the pollens that bees carry have different strengths and weaknesses when used for ecological inference. In this study we use three methods to better understand a system of congeneric, co-flowering plants in the genus <i>Clarkia </i>and their bee pollinators: observations of plant-pollinator contact in the field, and two different molecular methods to estimate the relative abundance of each <i>Clarkia </i>pollen in samples collected from pollinators. We use these methods to investigate if observations of plant-pollinator contact in the field correspond to the pollen bees carry; if individual bees carry <i>Clarkia </i>pollens in predictable ways, based on previous knowledge of their foraging behaviors; and how the three approaches differ for understanding plant-pollinator interactions. We find that observations of plant-pollinator contact are generally predictive of the pollens that bees carry while foraging, and network topologies using the three different methods are statistically indistinguishable from each other. Results from molecular pollen analysis also show that while bees can carry multiple species of <i>Clarkia </i>at the same time, they often carry one species of pollen. Our work contributes to the growing body of literature aimed at resolving how pollinators use floral resources. We suggest our novel relative amplicon quantification method as another tool in the developing molecular ecology and pollination biology toolbox.</p>
Invasive predators affect community-wide pollinator visitation
<p>Disruption of plant-pollinator interactions by invasive predators is poorly understood but may pose a critical threat for native ecosystems. In a multi-year field experiment in Hawaiʻi, we suppressed abundances of globally invasive predators and then observed insect visitation to flowers of six native plant species. Three plant species are federally endangered (<i>Haplostachys haplostachya</i>, <i>Silene lanceolata</i>, <i>Tetramolopium arenarium</i>) and three are common throughout their range (<i>Bidens menziesii</i>, <i>Dubautia linearis</i>, <i>Sida fallax</i>). Insect visitors were primarily generalist pollinators, including taxa that occur worldwide such as solitary bees (e.g., <i>Lasioglossum impavidum</i>), social bees (e.g., <i>Apis mellifera</i>), and syrphid flies (e.g., <i>Allograpta exotica</i>). We found that suppressing invasive rats (<i>Rattus rattus</i>), mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>), ants (<i>Linepithema humile</i>, <i>Tapinoma melanocephalum</i>), and yellowjacket wasps (<i>Vespula pensylvanica</i>) had positive effects on pollinator visitation to plants in 16 of 19 significant predator-pollinator-plant interactions. We found only positive effects of suppressing rats and ants, and both positive and negative effects of suppressing mice and yellowjacket wasps, on frequency of interactions between pollinators and plants. Model results predicted that predator eradication could increase frequency of insect visitation to flowering species, in some cases by >90%. Previous results from the system showed that these flowering species produced significantly more seed when flowers were allowed to outcross than when flowers were bagged to exclude pollinators, indicating limited autogamy. Our findings highlight the potential benefits of suppression or eradication of invasive rodents, ants, and yellowjackets in order to reverse pollination disruption, particularly in locations with high numbers of at-risk plant species or already imperiled pollinator populations.</p>
Reduced seed set under water deficit is driven mainly by reduced flower numbers and not by changes in flower visitations and pollination
<p><span>Water deficit can alter floral traits with cascading effects on flower-visitor interactions and plant fitness. </span><span>Water stress induction can </span><span>diminish </span><span>productivity, directly resulting in lower flower production and consequently seed set. Changes in floral traits, such as floral scent or reward amount, may in turn alter pollinator visitations and behavior and consequently can reduce pollination services resulting in lower reproduction output. </span><span>However, </span><span>the relative contribution of this indirect in comparison to the direct effects of changes in seed set are not fully understood.</span></p> <p><span>We manipulated water availability using rain-out shelters in a field experiment and measured effects on floral scent bouquet, morphology, phenology, flower-visitor interactions, pollination, and seed set</span><span>.</span><span> Plant individuals of </span><em><span>Sinapis</span> <span>arvensis</span></em><span> (</span><span>Brassicaceae)</span><span> were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: mean precipitation (= control), reduced mean precipitation, or drought period treatment.</span></p> <p><span>Our results show that decreasing water availability lowers the number of flowers and seed set. This indicates a direct link between water stress and seed set, as seed mass increases with increasing flower number. </span><span>The indirect link of water stress <em>via</em> floral traits, pollinator visits, and pollination has weaker effects on seed set. However, floral traits remain relatively stable under decreased water availability, whereas plant growth and flower abundance decrease, potentially in order to allow investment in more resources in fewer flowers to maintain pollination success. Thus, plants are able to compensate for water stress and can maintain floral trait expression, such as a stable scent emission and bouquet, to retain pollinator attraction.</span></p> <p><span>These findings indicate that the direct link from water stress to seed set has a stronger impact on plants' reproductive success than the indirect link through altered floral trait expression and pollinator visits in a generalist plant species.</span></p>
Sunflower pollinator visit scoring
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Invasive predators affect community-wide pollinator visitation
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Data from: Isolating the effects of floral temperature on visitation and behavior of wild bee and fly pollinators
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Molecular assays of pollen use consistently reflect pollinator visitation patterns in a system of flowering plants
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Reduced seed set under water deficit is driven mainly by reduced flower numbers and not by changes in flower visitations and pollination
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Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
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Landscape simplification leads to loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity and flower visitation frequency despite buffering by abundant generalist pollinators
<p>Global change, especially landscape simplification, is a main driver of species loss that can alter ecological interaction networks, with potentially severe consequences to ecosystem functions. Therefore, understanding how landscape simplification affects the rate of loss of plant-pollinator interaction diversity (i.e., number of unique interactions) compared to species diversity alone, and the role of persisting abundant pollinators, is key to assess the consequences of landscape simplification on network stability and pollination services. We analysed 24 landscape-scale plant-pollinator networks from standardised transect walks along landscape simplification gradients in three countries. We compared the rates of species and interaction diversity loss along the landscape simplification gradient and then stepwise excluded the top 1-20% most abundant pollinators from the data set to evaluate their effect on interaction diversity, network robustness to secondary loss of species, and flower visitation frequencies in simplified landscapes. Interaction diversity was not more vulnerable than species diversity to landscape simplification, with pollinator and interaction diversity showing similar rates of erosion with landscape simplification. We found that 20% of both species and interactions are lost with an increase of arable crop cover from 30 to 80% in a landscape. The decrease in interaction diversity was partially buffered by persistent abundant generalist pollinators in simplified landscapes, which were nested subsets of pollinator communities in complex landscapes, while plants showed a high turnover in interactions across landscapes. The top 5% most abundant pollinator species also contributed to network robustness against secondary species loss, but could not prevent flowers from a loss of visits in simplified landscapes. Although persistent abundant pollinators buffered the decrease in interaction diversity in simplified landscapes and stabilised network robustness, flower visitation frequency was reduced, emphasising potentially severe consequences of further ongoing land-use change for pollination services.</p>
Pollinator visits to six plant species in an oil palm landscape
<p>Pollination sustains biodiversity and food security, but pollinators are threatened by habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss. Here we aimed to assess how remaining forests influence bee visits to flowers in an oil palm dominated landscape in Borneo, Indonesia. To do this, we observed pollinator visits to six plant species: four crops (<i>Capsicum frutescens </i>L.<i> </i>"chili"; <i>Citrullus lanatus </i>(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai<i> </i>"watermelon";<i> Solanum lycopersicum </i>L.<i> </i>"tomato";<i> </i>and<i> Solanum melongena </i>L.<i> </i>"eggplant"); one native plant<i> Melastoma malabathricum </i>L.<i> </i>"melastome";<i> </i>and the exotic <i>Turnera subulata </i>Smith<i> </i>"turnera". We made one local grid-based and one landscape scale transect-based study spanning to 208 m and 2,130 m from forest, respectively. We recorded a total of 1,535 pollinator visits to 4,831 flowers in 1,046 ten-minute observation periods, with bee visits making up 81.4% of these visits. We observed an overall mean of 0.23 and 0.34 bee visits per flower per ten-minute period for the grid-based and transect studies, respectively. <em>C. lanatus</em> had the highest observed visitation frequency (0.62 visits per flower per ten-minute period) while <em>S. lycopersicum</em> had no observed visits. The dataset includes raw data collected in the field from 22 July – 29 October 2017.</p>
Data: Single visit stigmatic pollen deposition by insect pollinators of Avocado (Persea americana) in New Zealand.
<p>A wide range of bee and non-bee insects visit the flowers of avocado (<em>Persea americana</em> Mill.) in New Zealand (Read et al., 2017). To determine whether any of these insects contribute to pollination, we assessed single visit stigmatic pollen deposition for 12 insect species. Orchards were located in the Bay of Plenty 37.4234° S, 176.7416° E (n=6) and Northland 35.4136° S, 173.9321° E (n=1) regions of New Zealand, and data was collected in 2013 and 2014. In total, data was collected from 312 flower visits. </p>
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