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Flow dynamics and pump kinematics in polychaete burrows constructed in a transparent mud analog
We used Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) to measure fluid flow within burrows constructed by the polychaete Alitta succinea in a transparent mud analog. We also measured the kinematics of the undulatory pumping by the polychaete that drives flow through the burrow. The flow velocity data is presented in the spreadsheet worm_burrow_particle_tracking_data.csv and consists of the x and y coordinates (in mm) of each tracked particle, the time at which it was tracked (in seconds) and the velocity of the particle at that time (in mm per second). The ClipID is the reference of the video clip the data is from, and is a unique identifier. The SequenceID is retained between the pump dynamics data and the particle tracking data, because worm kinematics and flow dynamics were recorded simultaneously. Each tracked particle in a given sequence has a unique TrackID. The worm kinematics data consists of the track of the peak of the undulatory wave created as an individual polychaete ventilates its burrow and is presented in the spreadsheet worm_burrow_pump_dynamics_data.csv. The variables included are the x and y coordinates of the wave peak (in mm), the time at which the point was taken (in seconds) and the instantaneous velocity of the wave peak at that time (in mm per second). The ClipID is the reference of the video clip the data is from, and is a unique identifier. The SequenceID is retained between the pump dynamics data and the particle tracking data, because worm kinematics and flow dynamics were recorded simultaneously. Each tracked wave in a given sequence has a unique TrackID. The metadata, in the spreadsheet worm_burrow_metadata.csv, gives the polychaete Individual ID (a unique identifier for each specimen used) for each Clip ID and Sequence ID from the data spreadsheets, the location in the burrow at which the video was taken (between the head of the worm and the burrow entrance is "ahead", between the tail of the worm and the burrow exit is "behind", and a video of
FIGURE 2 in Ankerius aenigmaticus, a new genus and new species of aphanodactylid crab symbiotic with polychaetes from the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Aphanodactylidae)
FIGURE 2. Ankerius aenigmaticus gen. et sp. nov., female holotype (7.2 × 7.0 mm) (UF), Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. A, overall habitus; B, frontal view of cephalothorax; C, ventral view of cephalothorax showing thoracic sternum and vulvae.
FIGURE 5. Buccal cavity and third maxillipeds. A in Ankerius aenigmaticus, a new genus and new species of aphanodactylid crab symbiotic with polychaetes from the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Aphanodactylidae)
FIGURE 5. Buccal cavity and third maxillipeds. A, Selwynia laevis Borradaile, 1903, holotype male (7.1 × 5.6 mm) (CUMZ I. 63872), Hulule Atoll, Maldives, coll. J. S. Gardiner, 1900; B, Gandoa brevipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), female (7.2 × 5.0 mm) (ZSM 1277 / 1) [holotype of Voeltzkowia zanzibarensis Lenz, 1905], Kokotoni, Zanzibar, coll. July 1889; C, Gustavus mecognathus Ahyong & Ng, 2009, paratype female (13.9 × 8.0 mm) (ZRC 2010.0252), SW Cocos Barrier, Guam, near small pass on large terebellid worm, coll. G. Paulay, 20 March 2000; D, Ankerius aenigmaticus gen. et sp. nov., female holotype (7.2 × 7.0 mm) (UF), Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia.
Fig. 6 in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily
Fig. 6. Serpulid "Serpula" distefanoi sp. nov., from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian. A. Holotype MSNC 4527, SEM image of the adult portion of the tube evidencing the flattened upper part and thickenings concave towards the aperture (A1), arrow indicates the growth direction; detail of the initial part of the tube which is loop-like curved (A2); detail of the tube showing lateral growth lines and irregular thickening and roughness (A3). B. Paratype MSNC 4529, tube fragment of the anterior erect part, broken at both ends (B1), straight growth lines and rough surface are obvious on the outer tube surface. The internal mould of lithified sediment occurs within the lumen. Detail of the tube wall (B2), showing heavy recrystallization with densely patched crystals, smaller in the periphery.
Fig. 3 in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily
Fig. 3. Serpulid Filograna sp. from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian. A. MSNC 4524, set of subparallel tubes on a sponge. Photograph (A1), SEM image showing a Y bifurcation of a tube (A2). B. MSNC 4525, slightly curved tubes on a sponge.
Fig. 2 in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily
Fig. 2. Sabellids from literature (A) and from study material (B–F). A. Holotype of Serpula testatrix Etheridge, 1892 (pl. 18: 5) on a crinoid stem from East Maitland (South Wales), Permo-Carboniferous, showing typical loose loops and spirals. B, C. Glomerula testatrix (Etheridge, 1892) Sanfilippo comb. nov., from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian. B. MSNC 4515, irregular glomerate interweaving tubes; photograph (B1), SEM image (B2); B3, detail of B2, showing the tube outer surface with feeble growth lines. C. MSNC 4518, set of sub-parallel tubes slightly meandering and locally forming a sharp bend encrusting a sponge. D–F. Glomerula gemmellaroi sp. nov. from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian. D. MSNC 4519, holotype, specimen forming meanders and bending at angles of 90° and 180°. E. MSNC 4520, tube initially loop-like curved and then bent at right angle. F. MSNC 4521, meandering tube on a sponge.
Fig. 7 in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily
Fig. 7. Operculum of serpulid Pyrgopolon (Turbinia?) gaiae sp. nov. from the Sosio Valley, western Sicily (Italy), Wordian to upper Permian, MSNC 4530, holotype. Frontal (A) and lateral (B) views of the cup. C. Detail of upper side of the cup showing radial ridges endings with cone-shaped teeth regularly spaced (0.15 mm). D. SEM image of the upper side of the cup, the denticulated outer edge forming a nearly continuous ring is obvious.
Fig. 1. A in First record of sabellid and serpulid polychaetes from the Permian of Sicily
Fig. 1. A. Location of the study area in the Mediterranean and Sicily. B. Geological map of the Palazzo Adriano area (Sicani Mountains) showing the location of the fossiliferous limestone blocks. Holocene deposits not shown. Material was collected in blocks cropping out in areas indicated as "fossiliferous limestone".
Fig. 2 in Meiobenthic Polychaete Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus (Annelida: Dinophilidae) from Japan with SEM Observation and DNA Barcodes
Fig. 2. SEM images of Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus (RCMB, ICHUM-6114). A, Whole specimen, dorsal view, numbers indicate ciliary bands; B, anterior end, dorsal view; C, anterior end, ventral view; D, whole specimen, ventral view; E, anterior end, dorsolateral view, showing nuchal organ (arrow); F, posterior end, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, D, 300 µm; B, C, 100 µm; E, F, 50 µm.
Fig. 4 in Meiobenthic Polychaete Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus (Annelida: Dinophilidae) from Japan with SEM Observation and DNA Barcodes
Fig. 4. Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus, live specimens (RCMB, no voucher remains) cultured from the same parent of the specimens that was used for the molecular work. A, Dwarf male, dorsal view; B, dwarf male, lateral view; C, dwarf male (arrowhead) in an egg capsule together with a female (indicated by an arrow); D, dwarf male in an egg capsule left by a female. Scale bars: A, C, D, 50 µm; B, 20 µm.
Fig. 1 in Meiobenthic Polychaete Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus (Annelida: Dinophilidae) from Japan with SEM Observation and DNA Barcodes
Fig. 1. Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus, live female specimen (RCMB, non-deposited specimen, cultured from the same parent of the specimens that was used for the molecular work). A, Stereoscopic microscope image, dorsal view; B, light microscopic image, dorsal view. Arrows indicate eggs. Scale bars: A, B, 100 µm.
Fig. 3 in Meiobenthic Polychaete Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus (Annelida: Dinophilidae) from Japan with SEM Observation and DNA Barcodes
Fig. 3. SEM images of Dinophilus sp. cf. gyrociliatus (MMBS, ICHUM-6115). A, Whole specimen, dorsal view; B, anterior end, dorsal view; C, anterior end, ventral view; D, whole specimen, ventral view. Scale bars: A, 100 µm; B, C, 50 µm; D, 200 µm.
FIG. 4. — Nereiphylla etiennei n in New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island
FIG. 4. — Nereiphylla etiennei n. sp.: A, holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE2044), anterior region, dorsal view; B, paratype (MNHN-IA-TYPE2045), anterior region, right lateral view; C, paratype (ECOSUR 277), posterior chaetiger, posterior view; D, same, posterior region, dorsal view. Scale bars: A, B, D, 0.1 mm; C, 30 µm.
FIG. 6. — Pterocirrus bouchardi n in New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island
FIG. 6. — Pterocirrus bouchardi n. sp., paratypes: A, juvenile paratype (ECOSUR 278), without posterior region; B, same, anterior region, oblique dorsal view; C, same, oblique ventral view; D, largest paratype (MNHN), mature female, anterior region, dorsal view (tentacular and parapodial cirri lost); E, same, median chaetiger, left parapodium, anterior view with many oocytes (after Methyl green). Scale bars: A, 0.6 mm; B, C, D, 0.3 mm; E, 60 µm.
FIG. 5. — Pterocirrus bouchardi n in New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island
FIG. 5. — Pterocirrus bouchardi n. sp., holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE2046): A, complete, dorsal view; B, anterior region, dorsal view; C, median chaetiger, right parapodium, without dorsal cirrus, posterior view (after Methyl green); D, posterior chaetiger, right parapodium, dorsal cirrus bent posteriorly, posterior view (after Methyl green); E, posterior region. Scale bars: A, 0.6 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C, D: 0.1 mm; E, 0.2 mm.
FIG. 3. — Anaitides albengai n in New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island
FIG. 3. — Anaitides albengai n. sp., paratypes (ECOSUR 276, Sta. 26): A, shorter paratype, anterior end, oblique frontal view, pharynx partially exposed by fracture of body wall; B, same, chaetiger 33, right parapodium, posterior view (after Shirlastain-A, asterisk indicates area to be enlarged); C, same, close-up of ciliary band; D, same, chaetiger 73, right parapodium, posterior view (asterisk indicates area to be enlarged); E, same, close-up of ciliary band; F, longer paratype, anterior end and pharynx, left lateral view (left antenna lost; asterisk indicates nuchal organ). Scale bars: A, B, 0.3 mm; C, D, 0.1 mm; E, 20 µm; F, 0.2 mm.
FIG. 2. — Anaitides albengai n in New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island
FIG. 2. — Anaitides albengai n. sp., holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE2041): A, oblique lateral view of anterior region; B, anterior region, dorsal view (after Shirlastain-A); C, same, oblique lateral view; D, pharynx, anterior end, frontal view; E, chaetiger 50, left parapodium, anterior view (after Methyl green); F, chaetiger 120, left parapodium, anterior view (after Methyl green staining); G, chaetiger 220, right parapodium, anterior view (after Methyl green). Scale bars: A, 0.8 mm; B, 0.5 mm; C, E, 0.3 mm; D, 0.4 mm; F, G, 0.2 mm.
FIG. 1. — Psamathe charpyi n in New species of hesionid and phyllodocid polychaetes (Annelida, Errantia) from Clipperton Island
FIG. 1. — Psamathe charpyi n. sp., holotype (MNHN-IA-TYPE2040); A, anterior region, dorsal view (after Shirlastain-A); B, same, anterior end, dorsal view; C, same, ventral view; D, chaetiger 14, right parapodium, anterior view (insets: neurochaetal blades). Scale bars: A, 0.36 mm; B, 0.25 mm; C, 0.20 mm; D, 0.10 mm.
Seascape genetics in a polychaete worm: Disentangling the roles of a biogeographic barrier and environmental factors
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Seascape genomics studies aim to understand how environmental variables shape species diversity through genotype-environment associations. Identifying these effects on lecithotrophic larval species that live in intertidal zones is particularly challenging because they are subject to environmental heterogeneity and anthropogenic events. Here, we evaluate how biotic and abiotic features in the Southwest Atlantic littoral zone can affect a high dispersal species' present and historical demographic.</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> <em>Perinereis ponteni.</em></p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We investigated population genetic diversity, connectivity, and past dynamics using 23,300 SNPs generated using Genotyping by sequencing. We tested whether environmental abiotic variables could explain the variance found in genotype frequencies using isolation-by-environment (IBE) and landscape association approaches. These data, combined with paleodistribution simulations and oceanic circulation modeling, were used to infer species demographic history and connectivity patterns.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Along with high levels of connectivity detected, we found a genetic boundary in the southeastern region of Brazil around Cabo Frio (Rio de Janeiro) and a cline trend for some loci. The paleodistribution simulations reveal a spatial refuge in the southeast during the Last Glacial Maximum (21 kya), with the expansion of the northern region. We identified 1,421 SNPs with frequencies associated with eight environmental variables, most of which were related to temperature - the main environmental factor determining IBE.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions:</strong> <em>Perinereis ponteni</em>, a polychaete with high gene flow capability responds to biogeographic barriers, highlighting the importance of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping population connectivity. Furthermore, the effect of temperature indicates that future climate change and ocean warming can hugely impact this species.</p>
FIGURE 5 in Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms
FIGURE 5. Pyrgopolon (Septenaria) cf. tricostata (Goldfuss, 1841), longitudinal section of a tube from Kaňk "Na Vrších", no. NM O8728. A. SEM image of the resulting cast providing a three-dimensional view of three bi-camerate specimens of Entobia isp. and numerous shafts of Trypanites isp. cut by the longitudinal boring Maeandropolydora isp.; galleries are duplicated, more or less parallel, partially touching each other. B. The same view to the specimen by using micro-CT. C. detail of the resin cast showing a pair of bi-camerate Entobia isp. D. micro-CT scan from the same view, details of Entobia chambers are below the lower limit of micro-CT resolution.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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