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268 results for “polyploid”
Supporting data and codes for: A new biological species in the Mercurialis annua polyploid complex: functional divergence in inflorescence morphology, hybrid sterility and possible introgression
<p>This GitHub repository includes R codes and datasets for the paper: A new biological species in the Mercurialis annua polyploid complex: functional divergence in inflorescence morphology, hybrid sterility and possible introgression</p>
Synergistic polyploidization and long-distance dispersal enable the global diversification of yellowcresses (Rorippa, Brassicaceae)
<div> <strong>Aim</strong>: Long-distance dispersal (LDD) plays an important role in shaping the distribution of global biodiversity. Polyploidy could favor invasion and thereby facilitate LDD. However, how and to what extent polyploidy interacts with LDD is unclear. Here, we test the putative role of polyploidy in the global dispersal of <em>Rorippa</em> species.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Location</strong>: Global.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Time</strong> <strong>period</strong>: Late Miocene to present.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: <em>Rorippa</em>.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Methods</strong>: We traced the biogeographic and speciation history for 17 diploids and 41 polyploids of <em>Rorippa</em> using variation from plastid genomes and multiple nuclear loci. The ploidy role in dispersal rate difference was demonstrated using trait-dependent biogeographic modeling.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Results</strong>: LDD shaped the amphitropical disjunction of <em>Rorippa</em>, during which polyploids showed higher dispersal rates than those of diploids, with 5.6× increase under the best-fitted model. Five diploids and 21 polyploids were identified as products of transoceanic speciation events. Polyploidy-involved LDD was more common in terms of polyploidization following LDD than those preceding LDD.</div> <div> </div> <div> <strong>Main</strong> <strong>conclusions</strong>: We demonstrate that polyploidy would be not only a driver but also a responder of LDD in <em>Rorippa</em>, highlighting a synergistic relationship between them. Our results provide a framework to uncover the biogeographic consequences of polyploidization and the joint roles of polyploidy and LDD in shaping the distribution of biodiversity.</div>
Sensitivity analysis script for: Why so many polyploids?
<p>While polyploids are common in nature, existing models suggest that polyploid establishment should be difficult and rare. We explore this apparent paradox by focusing on the role of unreduced gametes, as their union is the main route for formation of neopolyploids. Production of such gametes is affected by genetic and environmental factors, resulting in variation in the formation rate of unreduced gametes (<em>u</em>). Once formed, neopolyploids face minority cytotype exclusion (MCE) due to a lack of viable mating opportunities. More than a dozen theoretical models have explored factors that could permit neopolyploids to overcome minority cytotype exclusion and become established. Until now, however, none have explored variability in <em>u</em> and its consequences for the rate of polyploid establishment. Here, we determine the distribution that best fits available empirical data on <em>u</em>. We perform a global sensitivity analysis exploring the consequences of using empirical distributions of <em>u</em> to investigate effects on polyploid establishment. We determined in many cases <em>u</em> is best fit by a log-normal distribution. We found environmental stochasticity in <em>u</em> dramatically impacts model predictions when compared to a static <em>u</em>. Our results help reconcile previous modeling results suggesting high barriers to polyploid establishment with the observation that polyploids are common in nature.</p>
Fig. 2 in Reproductive Potentials Of Diploid And Polyploid Representatives Of The Genus Сobitis (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae)
Fig. 2. Ovarium weight variation depend on erythrocytes area size (mµ) of spined loaches of Stugna River with different ploidy levels.
Fig. 1 in Reproductive Potentials Of Diploid And Polyploid Representatives Of The Genus Сobitis (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae)
Fig. 1. Eggs number variation depend on erythrocytes area size (µm2) of spined loaches of Stugna River with different ploidy levels.
Fig. 3 in Reproductive Potentials Of Diploid And Polyploid Representatives Of The Genus Сobitis (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae)
Fig. 3. Eggs weight (mg) variation depend on erythrocytes area size (mµ) of spined loaches of Stugna River with different ploidy levels.
Fig. 2 in Absorbing Hybridization Of Cobitis Taenia And Sabanejewia Aurata (Cypriniformes, Cobitidae) In Water Reservoirs Of Northern Ukraine Connected With Diploid-Polyploid Complex Formation
Fig. 2. Electrophoretic spectra of enzymes coding by allozymic loci: aspartate amynotransferase (1 — Aat- 1100/100, 2 — Aat-1100/110-110, 3 — Aat-195/110-110, 4 — Aat-1100-100/110, 5 — Aat-195-95/110, 6 — Aat-195-100/110), lactate dehydrogenase (1 — Ldh-B90/90, 2 — Ldh-B100/100, 3 — Ldh-B90/100-100, 4 — Ldh-B90/100/110), malate dehydrogenase (1 — Mdh-1A100/100, 2 — Mdh-1A100/110-110, 3 — Mdh-1A100-100/110).
Fig. 1 in Modified Method Of Metaphase Plates Obtaining For Polyploid Fish Genera Carassius And Cobitis Karyotyping (Actinopterygii, Cypriniformes)
Fig. 1. Mitotiс mеtaphases and karyograms of studied fish species: А — C. taenia; В — C. auratus; С — C. carassius. A b b r e v i a t i o n s i n d i c a t e: m — metacentric; sm — submetacentric; sta — subtelo- and acrocentric chromosomes.
VCF data for genetic polyploid phasing
<p>Used data for evaluation in pending Recomb 2022 submission "Genetic Polyploid Phasing using Marker Signals from Low-Depth Progeny Samples". Data was used in and partly created by the scripts from here: https://github.com/AlBi-HHU/genetic-phasing-scripts</p>
Phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity in a polyploid Arabidopsis complex
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Polyploid species possess more than two sets of chromosomes and may show high gene redundancy, hybrid vigor and masking of deleterious alleles compared to their parent species. Following this, it is hypothesized that this makes them better at adapting to novel environments than their parent species, possibly due to phenotypic plasticity. The allopolyploid <em>Arabidopsis suecica </em>and its parent species <em>A. arenosa</em> and <em>A. thaliana</em> were chosen as a model system to investigate relationships between phenotypic plasticity, fitness and genetic variation. Particularly, we test if <em>A. suecica</em> is more plastic, show higher genetic diversity and/or have higher fitness than its parent species. Wild Norwegian populations of each species were analyzed for phenotypic responses to differences in availability of nutrient, water and light, while genetic diversity was assessed through analysis of AFLP markers. <em>Arabidopsis arenosa</em> showed a higher level of phenotypic plasticity and higher levels of genetic diversity than the two other species, probably related to its outbreeding reproduction strategy. Furthermore, a general positive relationship between genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity was found. Low genetic diversity were found in the inbreeding <em>A. thaliana</em>. Geographic spacing of populations might explain the clear genetic structure in <em>A. arenosa</em>, while the lack of structure in <em>A. suecica </em>could be due to coherent populations. Fitness measured as allocation of resources to reproduction, pointed towards <em>A. arenosa</em> having lower fitness under poor environmental conditions. <em>Arabidopsis </em><em>suecica</em>, on the other hand, showed tendencies towards keeping up fitness under different environmental conditions. </span></p>
Investigating historical drivers of latitudinal gradients in polyploid plant biogeography: A multi-clade perspective
<p><em>Premise of the Study</em></p> <p>The proportion of polyploid plants in a community increases with latitude, and different hypotheses have been proposed about which factors drive this pattern. Here, we aim to understand the historical causes of the latitudinal polyploidy gradient using a combination of ancestral state reconstruction methods. Specifically, we assess whether (1) polyploidization enables movement to higher latitudes (i.e., polyploidization precedes occurrences in higher latitudes) or (2) higher latitudes facilitate polyploidization (i.e., occurrence in higher latitudes precedes polyploidization).</p> <p><em>Methods</em></p> <p>We reconstruct the ploidy states and ancestral niches of 1,032 angiosperm species at four paleoclimatic time slices ranging from 3.3 million years ago to the present, comprising taxa from four well-represented clades: Onagraceae, Primulaceae, <em>Solanum</em> (Solanaceae), and Pooideae (Poaceae). We use ancestral niche reconstruction models alongside a customized discrete character evolution model to allow reconstruction of states at specific time slices. Patterns of latitudinal movement are reconstructed and compared in relation to inferred ploidy shifts.</p> <p><em>Key Results</em></p> <p>We find that no single hypothesis applies equally well across all analyzed clades. While significant differences in median latitudinal occurrence were detected in the largest clade, Poaceae, no significant differences were detected in latitudinal movement in any clade.</p> <p><em>Conclusions</em></p> <p>Our preliminary study is the first to attempt to connect ploidy changes to continuous latitudinal movement, but we cannot favor one hypothesis over another. Given that patterns seem to be clade-specific, a larger number of clades must be analyzed in future studies for generalities to be drawn.</p>
Fig. 5 in Spatial Segregation of Diploid and Polyploids Spined Loaches (Сobitis elongatoides-taenia-tanaitica) in the River Systems of Western and Central Ukraine
Fig. 5. Changes in the frequency of polyploids in samples of spined loaches from the Teteriv River, depending on the distance from the mouth. The approximation is performed with a polynomial function.
Fig. 4 in Spatial Segregation of Diploid and Polyploids Spined Loaches (Сobitis elongatoides-taenia-tanaitica) in the River Systems of Western and Central Ukraine
Fig. 4. Frequencies of polyploids and its standard errors in different parts of the first and second-order tributaries of the Dnipro River system: Lower — lower third of the channel, Middle — middle part of the channel, Upper — upper third of the channel. The approximation is performed with a polynomial function.
Fig. 3 in Spatial Segregation of Diploid and Polyploids Spined Loaches (Сobitis elongatoides-taenia-tanaitica) in the River Systems of Western and Central Ukraine
Fig. 3. Frequency of polyploids in spined loach settlements and its standard errors of rivers with different channel lengths, as well as in accessory systems of the rivers (ASR) of the Western and Central Ukraine. The approximation is performed with a polynomial function.
Fig. 2 in Spatial Segregation of Diploid and Polyploids Spined Loaches (Сobitis elongatoides-taenia-tanaitica) in the River Systems of Western and Central Ukraine
Fig. 2. Frequencies of polyploids in spined loach settlements and its standard errors depending on the type of water system of the Western and Central Ukraine. M — main channel, Tr-1, Tr-2, Tr-3 — first, second, and the third-order tributaries, L — lakes. The approximation is performed with a polynomial function.
Fig. 1 in Spatial Segregation of Diploid and Polyploids Spined Loaches (Сobitis elongatoides-taenia-tanaitica) in the River Systems of Western and Central Ukraine
Fig. 1. Distribution of polyploid frequencies in spined loach settlements of the water systems of the Western and Central Ukraine. The approximation is performed with a polynomial function.
Fig. 5 in Spined Loache Settlements Structure (Cobitidae) Of The Eastern Ukraine River Systems And Alternative Character Of Diploid And Polyploid Populations
Fig. 5. Distribution of loaches samples of group of species C. elongatoides, C. taenia, C. tanaitica by the average ratio of diploids in the river systems of Eastern Ukraine, the Oder, Vistula, and Danube (1) against a similar distribution in the river systems of the Eastern Ukraine.
Fig. 6 in Spined Loache Settlements Structure (Cobitidae) Of The Eastern Ukraine River Systems And Alternative Character Of Diploid And Polyploid Populations
Fig. 6. Ratio of diploid (grey fill) and popyploid (black fik) specimens in settlements and invasion routs of polyploid spined loaches.
Inbreeding depression in polyploid species: a meta-analysis
Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a common mutation in eukaryotes with far-reaching phenotypic effects. Morphological and fitness consequences of WGD and their effects on the survival of novel polyploid lineages are intensively studied. Another important factor that may also determine the probability of establishment and success of polyploid lineages is inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression is expected to play an important role in the establishment of neopolyploid lineages, their capacity to colonize new environments, and in the simultaneous evolution of ploidy and other life-history traits such as self-fertilization. Both theoretically and empirically, there is no consensus on the consequences of polyploidy on inbreeding depression. Here, we investigated the effect of polyploidy on the evolution of inbreeding depression by performing a meta-analysis within angiosperm species. The main results of our study are that the consequences of polyploidy on inbreeding depression are complex and depend on the time since polyploidization. We found that newly formed polyploid lineages have a much lower amount of inbreeding depression than their diploid relatives. Natural established polyploid lineages are intermediate, exhibiting a higher amount of inbreeding depression than synthetic neopolyploids, but smaller than diploids, suggesting that the negative effect of polyploidy on inbreeding depression decreases with time since polyploidization.
Data from: Dispersal and establishment traits provide a colonization advantage for a polyploid apomictic plant
<p><span><strong>Premise</strong>: Apomictic plants (reproducing asexually through seed) often have larger ranges and occur at higher latitudes than closely related sexuals, a pattern known as geographical parthenogenesis (GP). Explanations for GP include differences in colonizing ability due to reproductive assurance and direct/indirect effects of polyploidy (most apomicts are polyploid) on ecological tolerances. While life history traits associated with dispersal and establishment also contribute to the potential for range expansion, few studies compare these traits in related apomicts and sexuals. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>: We investigated differences in early life history traits between diploid-sexual and polyploid-apomictic <em>Townsendia hookeri </em>(Asteraceae), which displays a classic pattern of GP. Using lab and greenhouse experiments, we measured seed dispersal traits, germination success, and seedling size and survival in sexual and apomictic populations from across the range. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Key Results</strong>: While theory predicts that trade-offs between dispersal and establishment traits should be common, this was largely not the case in <em>T. hookeri</em>. Apomictic seeds had both lower terminal velocity (staying aloft longer when dropped) and higher germination success than sexual seeds. While there were no differences in seedling size between reproductive types, apomicts did, however, have slightly lower seedling survival than sexuals. </span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong>: These differences in early life history traits, combined with reproductive assurance conferred by apomixis, suggest that apomicts achieve a greater range through advantages in their ability to both spread and establish. </span></p>
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