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86 results for “polyploidy”
Hybridization and polyploidy shaped the evolutionary history of a complex of cryptic species in European woodrushes (<em>Luzula</em> sect. <em>Luzula</em>)
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Data from: Improved transcriptome sampling pinpoints 26 ancient and more recent polyploidy events in Caryophyllales, including two allopolyploidy events
• Studies of the macroevolutionary legacy of polyploidy are limited by an incomplete sampling of these events across the tree of life. To better locate and understand these events, we need comprehensive taxonomic sampling as well as homology inference methods that accurately reconstruct the frequency and location of gene duplications. • We assembled a dataset of transcriptomes and genomes from 169 species in Caryophyllales, of which 43 were newly generated for this study, representing one of the densest sampled genomic-scale datasets available. We carried out phylogenomic analyses using a modified phylome strategy to reconstruct the species tree. We mapped phylogenetic distribution of polyploidy events by both tree-based and distance-based methods, and explicitly tested scenarios for allopolyploidy. • We identified twenty-six ancient and more recent polyploidy events distributed throughout Caryophyllales. Two of these events were inferred to be allopolyploidy. • Through dense phylogenomic sampling, we show the propensity of polyploidy throughout the evolutionary history of Caryophyllales. We also provide a framework for utilizing transcriptome data to detect allopolyploidy, which is important as it may have different macro-evolutionary implications compared to autopolyploidy.
Polyploidy promotes divergent evolution across the leaf economics spectrum and plant edaphic niche in the Dianthus broteri complex
<ol> <li>The evolution of the leaf economics spectrum (LES) is known to be constrained by genetic relatedness but also promoted at small geographic and phylogenetic scales. In those cases, we hypothesised that polyploidy would play a prominent role as an outstanding source of functional divergence and adaptive potential.</li> <li>We registered leaf-level nutrient, water and light economy related traits from the LES as well as edaphic properties in the four cytotypes of the autopolyploid <i>Dianthus broteri</i> complex (2×, 4×, 6× and 12×). We analysed the effect of ploidy level on the integration of the LES network, checked if concerted evolution occurred between LES and soil niche and tested the influence of phylogeny on the variables. Alternative evolutionary models for both sets of traits were compared.</li> <li> <span>We found higher divergence of polyploids (especially 6</span>×<span> and 12</span>×<span>) compared to diploids</span> in the LES and soil niche, but these traits are not coevolving. <span>6</span>×<span> and 12</span>× showed opposite ecological strategies regarding resource use and higher uncoupling of the LES network. Early divergence of traits prevailed in both LES and edaphic niche (supported by better fitted evolutionary models with one optimum per cytotype), but post-polyploidization processes played an important role for the photochemical behaviour.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis.</i><b> </b><span>Our results indicated shifts in ecological strategies across <i>D. broteri</i> cytotypes and suggested a powerful role of polyploidy in overcoming constraints for the evolution of plant functional traits.</span> </li> </ol>
Data from: Phylogenomic analyses reveal a deep history of hybridization and polyploidy in the Neotropical genus Lachemilla (Rosaceae)
Hybridization, incomplete lineage sorting, and phylogenetic error produce similar incongruence patterns, representing a great challenge for phylogenetic reconstruction. Here, we use sequence capture data and multiple species tree and species network approaches to resolve the backbone phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Lachemilla, while distinguishing among sources of incongruence. We used 396 nuclear loci and nearly complete plastome sequences from 27 species to clarify the relationships among the major groups of Lachemilla, and explored multiple sources of conflict between gene trees and species trees inferred with a plurality of approaches. All phylogenetic methods recovered the four major groups previously proposed for Lachemilla, but species tree methods recovered different topologies for relationships between these four clades. Species network analyses revealed that one major clade, Orbiculate, is likely of ancient hybrid origin, representing one of the main sources of incongruence among the species trees. Additionally, we found evidence for a potential whole genome duplication event shared by Lachemilla and allied genera. Lachemilla shows clear evidence of ancient and recent hybridization throughout the evolutionary history of the group. Also, we show the necessity to use phylogenetic network approaches that can simultaneously accommodate incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow when studying groups that show patterns of reticulation.
Unveiling the Patterns of Reticulated Evolutionary Processes with Phylogenomics: Hybridization and Polyploidy in the genus Rosa
<p>Reticulation, caused by hybridization and allopolyploidization, is considered an important and frequent phenomenon in the evolution of numerous plant lineages. Although both processes represent important driving forces of evolution, they are mostly ignored in phylogenetic studies involving a large number of species. Indeed only a scattering of methods exists to recover a comprehensive reticulated evolutionary history for a broad taxon sampling. Plastid markers, sometimes combined with a few nuclear sequences, are therefore favored, even though they restrict in-depth studies of hybridization and polyploidization. The genus <i>Rosa</i> encompasses c. 150 species widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere and represents a challenging taxonomic group in which hybridization and polyploidization are prominent. Our main objective was to develop a general framework that would take patterns of reticulation into account in the study of the phylogenetic relationships among <i>Rosa</i> species. Using amplicon sequencing we targeted allele variation in the nuclear genome as well as haploid sequences in the chloroplast genome. A stepwise diploids-first approach was developed to reconstruct the reticulate evolutionary history of the genus <i>Rosa</i>. We successfully recovered robust plastid and nuclear phylogenies and performed in-depth tests for several scenarios of hybridization. Using this strategy, we were able to resolve most of the evolutionary relationships among <i>Rosa</i> subgenera, sections, and selected species, and we provide new directions for a future revision of the infrageneric classification in <i>Rosa</i>. The stepwise strategy proposed here can be used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of other challenging taxonomic groups with large numbers of hybrid and polyploid taxa.</p>
Data from: Multiple introductions, polyploidy and mixed reproductive strategies are linked to genetic diversity and structure in the most widespread invasive plant across Southern Ocean archipelagos
<p><span>Biological invasions in remote</span> <span>areas that experience low human activity provide unique opportunities to elucidate processes responsible for invasion success. Here we study the most widespread invasive plant species across the isolated islands of the Southern Ocean, the annual bluegrass, Poa annua. To </span><span>analyze</span><span> geographic variation in genome size, genetic diversity, and reproductive strategies, we sampled all major sub-Antarctic archipelagos in this region and generated microsatellite data for 470 individual plants representing 31 populations. We also estimated genome sizes for a subset of individuals using flow cytometry. Occasional events of island colonization are expected to result in high genetic structure among islands, overall low genetic diversity, and increased self-fertilization, but we show that this is not the case for Poa annua. Microsatellite data indicated low population genetic structure and lack of isolation-by-distance</span> <span>among the sub-Antarctic archipelagos we sampled, but high population structure within each archipelago. We identified high levels of genetic diversity, low clonality, and low selfing rates in sub-Antarctic P. annua populations (contrary to rates typical of continental populations). In turn, estimates of autogamy declined in populations as genetic diversity increased. Additionally, we found that most P. annua individuals are likely tetraploid and that only slight variation exists in genome size across the Southern Ocean. Our findings suggest multiple independent introductions of P. annua into the sub-Antarctic, which</span> <span>promoted the establishment of genetically diverse populations. Despite multiple introductions, the adoption of convergent reproductive strategies (outcrossing) happened independently in each major archipelago. The combination of polyploidy and a mixed reproductive strategy likely benefited P. annua in the Southern Ocean by increasing genetic diversity and its ability to cope with the novel environmental conditions.</span></p>
Dataset for "Polyploidy impacts population growth and competition with diploids: Multigenerational experiments reveal key life history tradeoffs"
<p>Datasets associated with the manuscript "Polyploidy impacts population growth and competition with diploids: Multigenerational experiments reveal key life history tradeoffs".</p>
Development of a homeolog-specific gene editing system in an evolutionary model for the study of polyploidy in nature
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Can polyploidy confer invasive plants with a wider climatic tolerance? A test using Solidago canadensis
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Unveiling the Patterns of Reticulated Evolutionary Processes with Phylogenomics: Hybridization and Polyploidy in the genus Rosa
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Polyploidy promotes divergent evolution across the leaf economics spectrum and plant edaphic niche in the Dianthus broteri complex
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Phylotranscriptomic analyses reveal asymmetrical gene duplication dynamics and signatures of ancient polyploidy in mints
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Data from: Improved transcriptome sampling pinpoints 26 ancient and more recent polyploidy events in Caryophyllales, including two allopolyploidy events
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Data from: Phylogenomic analyses reveal a deep history of hybridization and polyploidy in the Neotropical genus Lachemilla (Rosaceae)
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Data from: Multiple introductions, polyploidy and mixed reproductive strategies are linked to genetic diversity and structure in the most widespread invasive plant across Southern Ocean archipelagos
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Data from: Testing the association of phenotypes with polyploidy: An example using herbaceous and woody eudicots
Although numerous studies have surveyed the frequency with which different plant characters are associated with polyploidy, few statistical tools are available to identify the factors that potentially facilitate polyploidy. We describe a new probabilistic model, BiChroM, designed to associate the frequency of polyploidy and chromosomal change with a binary phenotypic character in a phylogeny. BiChroM provides a robust statistical framework for testing differences in rates of polyploidy associated with phenotypic characters along a phylogeny while simultaneously allowing for evolutionary transitions between character states. We used BiChroM to test whether polyploidy is more frequent in woody or herbaceous plants, based on tree with 4,711 eudicot species. Although polyploidy occurs in woody species, rates of chromosome doubling were over six times higher in herbaceous species. Rates of single chromosome increases or decreases were also far higher in herbaceous than woody species. Simulation experiments indicate that BiChroM performs well with little to no bias and relatively little variance at a wide range of tree depths when trees have at least 500 taxa. Thus, BiChroM provides a first step towards a rigorous statistical framework for assessing the traits that facilitate polyploidy.
Data from: Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression
Ploidy elevation is increasingly recognized as a common and important source of genomic variation. Even so, the consequences and biological significance of polyploidy remain unclear, especially in animals. Here, our goal was to identify potential life history costs and benefits of polyploidy by conducting a large multiyear common garden experiment in Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail that is a model system for the study of ploidy variation, sexual reproduction, host–parasite coevolution, and invasion ecology. Sexual diploid and asexual triploid and tetraploid P. antipodarum frequently coexist, allowing for powerful direct comparisons across ploidy levels and reproductive modes. Asexual reproduction and polyploidy are very often associated in animals, allowing us to also use these comparisons to address the maintenance of sex, itself one of the most important unresolved questions in evolutionary biology. Our study revealed that sexual diploid P. antipodarum grow and mature substantially more slowly than their asexual polyploid counterparts. We detected a strong negative correlation between the rate of growth and age at reproductive maturity, suggesting that the relatively early maturation of asexual polyploid P. antipodarum is driven by relatively rapid growth. The absence of evidence for life history differences between triploid and tetraploid asexuals indicates that ploidy elevation is unlikely to underlie the differences in trait values that we detected between sexual and asexual snails. Finally, we found that sexual P. antipodarum did not experience discernable phenotypic variance-related benefits of sex and were more likely to die before achieving reproductive maturity than the asexuals. Taken together, these results suggest that under benign conditions, polyploidy does not impose obvious life history costs in P. antipodarum and that sexual P. antipodarum persist despite substantial life history disadvantages relative to their asexual counterparts.
Figure 3. Example relative fluorescence histograms for samples stained with propidium iodide. The 2C in Peaceful revolution in genome size: polyploidy in the Nabidae (Heteroptera); autosomes and nuclear DNA content doubling
Figure 3. Example relative fluorescence histograms for samples stained with propidium iodide. The 2C peaks represent diploid cells, and 4C peaks represent cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, with replicated DNA. Standard used: Solanum pseudocapsicum 2C = 2.61 pg. A, Himacerus apterus female with 2n = 36 + XX and 2C = 9.71 pg. B, Nabis maoricus female with 2n = 16 + XX and 2C = 4.21 pg.
Figure 2 in Peaceful revolution in genome size: polyploidy in the Nabidae (Heteroptera); autosomes and nuclear DNA content doubling
Figure 2. Nuclear DNA content stained with propidium iodide (PI) compared with relative nuclear DNA content stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The line represents the trend in GC content, with a minimum of 33.34% and a maximum of 37.83%. Each pair of black and white symbols represents one specimen, as follows: circles, females; squares, males; white symbols, DAPI; black symbols, PI.
Figure 1 in Peaceful revolution in genome size: polyploidy in the Nabidae (Heteroptera); autosomes and nuclear DNA content doubling
Figure 1. Chromosomes of Nabidae species studied, stained with Giemsa (A, D, F, G, M) or with an 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) probe (red) applied via fluorescence in situ hybrization (FISH) (B, C, E, H–L, N–P). A, B, Nabis punctatus ♀ 2n = 16 + XX, mitotic metaphase. C, Himacerus apterus ♀ 2n = 36 + XX, mitotic metaphase. D, Nabis rugosus ♂ 2n = 16 + XY + 1 metaphase I, specimen with an additional chromosome (arrow). E, Nabis maoricus ♀ 2n = 18 + XX, mitotic metaphase. F, N. maoricus ♂ 2n = 16 + XY, postpachytene, with sex chromosomes superspiralized. G, H, Nabis biformis ♀ 2n = 16 + XX, mitotic metaphase, with two 18S rDNA signals on each X chromosome. I, Nabis limbatus ♀ 2n = 16 + XX, mitotic metaphase, species with the most distal 18S rDNA signal. J, N. rugosus ♂ 2n = 16 + XY, mitotic metaphase, species with the two 18S rDNA signals on Y chromosome. K, Prostemma guttula ♂ 2n = 26 + XY, metaphase II. L, N. maoricus ♂ 2n = 16 + XY, metaphase II, with Y chromosome showing no 18S rDNA signal. M, N, Prostemma aeneicolle ♀ 2n = 26 + XX, mitotic metaphase. O, H. apterus ♀ 2n = 36 + XXXX, mitotic metaphase, with terminal 18S rDNA signals on four X chromosomes originated by fragmentation. P, N. maoricus ♀ 2n = 18 + XXX, mitotic metaphase, with one X chromosome fragmented outside of the 18S rDNA position. Arrowheads indicate 18S rDNA signal; X and Y are the sex chromosomes. Scale bars: 10 μm.
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