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12 results for “precipitation downscaling”
Statistically downscaled future precipitation for the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico
This dataset contains climate predictions that serve as the basis for the analysis in Ramseyer et al. (2019), which projected a trend toward drier conditions in eastern Puerto Rico during the mid- and late-21st century. The analysis was informed by computing nine atmospheric variables, which had been shown by previous research to related to precipitation in Puerto Rico (Ramseyer and Mote 2016) from four GCMs. These nine variables were used to train an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the binary occurrence of a wet (>= 5 mm of precipitation) versus dry (<5 mm) day using in-situ daily precipitation observations from El Verde Field Station in northeast Puerto Rico. The nine atmospheric variables used to train the ANN were: 1000- 850-, 700-, and 500-hPa daily specific humidity, 1000–700-hPa bulk wind shear (BWS), the Gálvez-Davison Index (GDI), and the GDI's three component terms (the column buoyancy index, mid-level warming index, and a trade-wind inversion index). These same nine variables were then extracted on a daily basis from four GCMs for the eastern Caribbean early rainfall season (April-July) between 2041-2060 and 2081-2100, and fed through the ANN. These data are the daily predicted values of wet (1) or dry (0) conditions for each of the four GCMs in the ensemble. Because ERS total precipitation at El Verde is strongly correlated with the percentage of ERS dry days (R2=0.95 for years with <10% missing data), the GCM predictions were used to estimate future ERS precipitation using the following formula: ERS precipitation (mm) = 3373-37.6*(ERS dry-day percentage) Applying this formula to each of the GCM dry-day projections yielded an ensemble mean ERS precipitation total of 771 mm by 2041-2060 and 974 mm by 2081-2100. See Ramseyer et al. (2019) for a complete description of the neural network and its predictions. Ramseyer, C., P. Miller, and T. Mote, 2019: Future precipitation variability during the early rainfall season in the El Yunque National Fore
Dynamically downscaled 15-minute U.S. West Coast precipitation (Part 2/3)
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Dynamically downscaled 15-minute U.S. West Coast precipitation (Part 1/3)
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Dynamically downscaled 15-minute U.S. West Coast precipitation (Part 3/3)
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Data and scripts for: Intercomparison of atmospheric datasets and PBL schemes for precipitation downscaling over a coastal mountain valley of northern British Columbia, Canada
<p>anl_6MYJdiv and anl_6MYNNdiv contains pairwise normalizations of dataset outputs (NAM/ERA5, NAM/NARR and ERA5/NARR) of total rainfall in 2017 for simulations with the MYJ and MYNN3 PBL schemes, that can be plotted by fig3_4.ncl. anl_MYJMYNN_div contains MYJ/MYNN3 spatial contours for each of ERA5, NAM -ANL and NARR outputs. anl_snow_MYJ contains MYJ output for total snow in 2017 by the ERA5, NAM-ANL and NARR datasets, for which values at discrete locations can be retrieved with yr2017snow.ncl, daily_ppt.ncl is script to extract modeled daily precipitation (dly_MYJ and dly_MYNN) from the various locations. Fig_ppt_monthly.R is the plotting script for observed and modeled precipitation time series from hydro31pt1pk.txt. nullwrf is array holder for plotting with ncl scripts. rivs_coasts.shp is shape file that is used in the spatial plots. </p>
Dataset for "On the Extrapolation of Generative Adversarial Networks for downscaling precipitation extremes in warmer climates"
<h1>Code and Dataset for "On the Extrapolation of Generative Adversarial Networks for downscaling precipitation extremes in warmer climates"</h1> <p>This dataset accompanies the research paper titled <strong>"On the Extrapolation of Generative Adversarial Networks for downscaling precipitation extremes in warmer climates"</strong>, currently under review for the AGU Journal GRL. The study introduces a novel Regional Climate Model (RCM) emulator focusing on high-resolution climate downscaling for the New Zealand region. For additional insights and access to the codebase utilized in this research, please refer to our <a href="https://github.com/nram812/On-the-Extrapolation-of-Generative-Adversarial-Networks-for-downscaling-precipitation-extremes">Github Repository</a>.</p> <p>The code can also be found as a ".zip" file: *On-the-Extrapolation-of-Generative-Adversarial-Networks-for-downscaling-precipitation-extremes-main. </p> <h2>Aims</h2> <p>Our study focuses on two important gaps in the literature regarding the extrapolation of empirical downscaling algorithms. First, we examine how well relationships learned from a historical period extrapolate to future unobserved climates. We compare two widely used algorithms, a GAN and a deterministic CNN baseline, that use a similar architecture (i.e. convolutional layers) trained in a model-as-truth framework to downscale daily precipitation over New Zealand. We evaluate their accuracy in capturing climate change signals in mean and extreme precipitation. Second, we explore whether training on future vs. only historical periods combined with different-sized training datasets can improve extrapolation skill. </p> <h2>Geographic Focus</h2> <p>Our research focuses only on the New Zealand Region (165°E-184°W, 33°S-51°S).</p> <p> </p> <h2>Data Overview</h2> <h3>Training and Evaluation Data</h3> <p>The training data used in this study (for our RCM emulator) spans the historical period and future period (SSP370) of simulation. It comprises daily accumulated precipitation as the primary target variable, alongside large-scale predictor variables. </p> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Resolution:</strong> The target variable is presented at a 12km resolution, reflecting the highest resolution face of RCM for the New Zealand region. Predictor variables are coarsened to a 1.5-degree resolution from original CCAM outputs using conservative interpolation. </p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Period Coverage:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Training Data: 1960-2100 (Depending on Experiment, see Table 1 for list of experiment configurations)</li> <li>Validation Data: 1985-2014 + 2070-2099 (to compute the climate change signal)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>Models:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Training on: ACCESS-CM2</li> <li>Validated on: EC-Earth3, NorESM2-MM, CNRM-CM6-1, AWI-MR-1 </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h3>File Structure</h3> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Training Data:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Target/Ground Truth (Y): <code>target_ACCESS-CM2_hist_ssp370_pr.nc</code></li> <li>Predictor (X): <code>predictor_ACCESS-CM2_hist_ssp370.nc</code></li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>Evaluation Data:<br></strong>All other GCMs can be accessed in one single file, predictor and target variables have the dimensions (time, lat, lon, GCM).</p> <ul> <li>Target/Ground Truth (Y): <code>Other_GCMs_hist_SSP370_target_fields_pr.nc</code></li> <li>Predictor (X): <code>Other_GCMs_hist_SSP370_predictor_fields.nc</code></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <h2>Methodological Insights</h2> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Regional Climate Model</strong>, Our Regional Climate Model training data is from the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) which is a global non-hydrostatic atmospheric model renowned for its variable-resolution cubic grid. . For more information about CCAM, please see the following <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2023JD038530">paper</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Predictor and Target Variables:</strong> Daily-averaged large-scale prognostic variables, including zonal wind, meridional wind, temperature, and specific humidity, are employed as predictors at the 500mb and 850mb pressure levels. These are normalized (see the GitHub repository for the mean and standard deviation fields). Precipitation is taken as is from CCAM and accumulated for each given day. Static predictors are also used in our model, which is stored in a GitHub repository.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Training Framework:</strong> Our dataset benefits from the "perfect framework" training strategy, which uses CCAM-coarsened predictor variables. For more information about the perfect and imperfect training frameworks, see the following <a title="review" href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/aies/3/2/AIES-D-23-0066.1.xml">review</a></p> </li> </ul> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p><strong>Algorithm</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Training Data</strong></p> </td> <td> <p><strong>Period</strong></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Deterministic Baseline</p> </td> <td> <p>Historical</p> </td> <td> <p>1960-2014 (~21,000 days)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Deterministic Baseline</p> </td> <td> <p>Future (SSP370)</p> </td> <td> <p>2044-2099 (~21,000 days)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Deterministic Baseline</p> </td> <td> <p>Historical and Future (SSP370)</p> </td> <td> <p>1960-2099 (~51,000 days)</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Residual GAN</p> </td> <td> <p>Historical</p> </td> <td> <p>1960-2014</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Residual GAN</p> </td> <td> <p>Future (SSP370)</p> </td> <td> <p>2044-2099</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>Residual GAN</p> </td> <td> <p>Historical and Future (SSP370)</p> </td> <td> <p>1960-2099</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Table 1:</strong> The six RCM emulator experiments performed in this study.</p>
Comparing the Influence of Global Warming and Urban Anthropogenic Heat on Extreme Precipitation in Urbanized Pearl River Delta Area Based on WRF Dynamical Downscaling
<p>The simulation outputs from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) v3.8.1 coupled with single layer urban canopy model from three experiments (HIST_AH300, HIST_AH0, and RCP85_AH300).</p> <p>Variables include hourly precipitation, wind, specific humidity, relative humidity, convective available potential energy, convective inhibition, temperature, model height, land use land cover, and topography.</p> <p> </p>
WRF data for downscaling, used in Learned multi-resolution dynamical downscaling for precipitation
<p>This study uses regional climate model (RCM) simulated precipitation at low and high spatial resolution, to develop convolution neural network (CNN) based approaches, that can emulate high resolution modeled data using low resolution modeled data with cheaper computational resource than running dynamical downscaling at the high spatial resolution. Specifically, we define two types of CNNs, one that stacks variables directly and one that encodes each variable before stacking, and train each CNN type both with a conventional loss function, such as Mean Square Error (MSE), and with a conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN), for a total of four CNN variants. We compare the four new CNN-derived high resolution precipitation with precipitation generated from a bi-linear interpolater and the state-of-the-art CNN-based super-resolution (SR) technique, using the original high resolution precipitation from the RCM as ground truth. We find that SR technique produces similar results to the interpolator with smoother spatial and temporal distributions and smaller data variabilities and extremes than ground truth shows. While the new CNNs trained by MSE generate better results over some regions than the interpolator and SR technique, their predictions are still not as close as ground truth. The CNNs trained by CGAN generate more realistic and physically reasonable results. This advanced technique improves not only the data variability in time and space, and but also the extremes, such as intense and long-lasting events, based on event-feature tracking algorithm.</p>
Dataset for downscaling, used in downscaled Spatiotemporal Precipitation Model Based on a Transformer Attention Mechanism
<p>In this research, we introduce a novel method leveraging the Transformer architecture to generate high-fidelity precipitation model outputs. This technique emulates the statistical characteristics of high-resolution datasets while substantially lowering computational expenses. The core concept involves utilizing a blend of coarse and fine-grained simulated precipitation data, encompassing diverse spatial resolutions and geospatial distributions, to instruct the neural network in the transformation process. We have crafted an innovative ST-Transformer encoder component that dynamically concentrates on various regions, allocating heightened focus to critical spatial zones or sectors. This tailored module is instrumental in enhancing the model's ability to generate outcomes that are not only more true-to-life but also more consistent with physical laws. It adeptly mirrors the temporal and spatial fluctuations in precipitation data and adeptly represents extreme weather events, such as heavy and enduring storms. The efficacy and superiority of our proposed approach are substantiated through a comparative analysis with several cutting-edge forecasting techniques. This evaluation is conducted on two distinct datasets, each derived from simulations run by regional climate models over a period of four months. The datasets vary in their spatial resolutions, with one featuring a 50-kilometer resolution and the other a 12-kilometer resolution, both sourced from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model.</p>
A Deep-Learning-Based Approach to the Downscaling of Precipitation Data Observed in Taiwan
<p>The data set is provided by the authors for the observational precipitation data downscaling method presented in the paper.</p>
Data for exploring topography-based methods for downscaling subgrid precipitation for use in Earth System Models
<p>Topography exerts major control on land surface processes. To improve representation of topographic impacts on land surface processes, a new topography-based subgrid structure has been introduced to the Energy Exascale Earth System Model representing the subgrid heterogeneity of surface elevation. Four topography-based methods of downscaling grid precipitation to the subgrids have been explored. The data utilized for the study include precipitation, surface elevation, and height rise data derived from wind speed and Brunt Vaisala parameter and outputs of downscaled precipitation and statistical metrics calculated in this study. Results show that utilizing hypsometric elevation of the subgrid landscape within the model grid cell improves downscaling of precipitation in mountainous areas. Furthermore, accounting for blocking of airflow further improves precipitation downscaling slightly in mountainous regions consistently across multiple grid sizes.</p> <p>The data files include:</p> <ol> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/daily_prism_precip.zip?versionId=be97ca8d-182a-4f1e-9ae3-9da3f2b87e24">daily_prism_precip.zip</a>: high resolution precipitation data (4 km) obtained from PRISM [Daly et al. 1994, Daly et al. 2008].</li> <li> <a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/dem_4km4.nc">dem_4km4.nc</a>: 4 km surface elevation data derived from high resolution surface elevation data (90 m) obtained from HydroSHEDS [Lehner et al. 2008, Lehner and Grill 2013]</li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/fr_number.zip?versionId=eacb5b60-9561-47f9-97c6-cd91e96afa1f">fr_number.zip</a>: Height rise of airflow calculated from wind speed and Brunt Vaisala parameter derived from the North American Regional Reanalysis data.</li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_128km.zip?versionId=5f64ec8c-4018-4d97-ae1d-eb6f15ccc564">output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_128km.zip</a>: Output data of the downscaling methods at 128 km spatial resolution.</li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_96km.zip?versionId=b2c67f80-9794-41cb-9986-a4c7259ccf1c">output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_96km.zip</a>: Output data of the downscaling methods at 96 km spatial resolution. </li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_64km.zip?versionId=b83230a0-308e-4f90-971b-6636a5add796">output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_64km.zip</a>: Output data of the downscaling methods at 64 km spatial resolution.</li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_32km.zip?versionId=cc9021cc-c3b4-4c04-a558-752c151c49ba">output_from_dwnscaling_methods_at_32km.zip</a>: Output data of the downscaling methods at 32 km spatial resolution. </li> <li>ppt_spatial_downscaling_daily_data_flatten_withFr_test_filt0_v3rev_64.py: Python code used to calculate downscaled precipitation data from aggregated grid precipitation data.</li> <li><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/12bc9f1c-be98-4721-8c92-6e23845be441/stns_precip_2015.csv">stns_precip_2015.csv</a>: Precipitation data at rain gauge stations in the Conterminous US extracted from the Daymet station-level input datasets are used for evaluation of the downscaled results </li> </ol> <p>Other datasets used to calculate wind speed and Brunt Vaisala parameter were extracted from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) including wind speed, temperature, surface pressure, specific humidity and relative humidity [Mesinger et al. 2006].</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>References:</strong></p> <p>Daly, C., et al. (1994). "A Statistical-Topographic Model for Mapping Climatological Precipitation over Mountainous Terrain." Journal of Applied Meteorology <strong>33</strong>(2): 140-158. </p> <p>Daly, C., et al. (2008). "Physiographically sensitive mapping of climatological temperature and precipitation across the conterminous United States." International Journal of Climatology <strong>28</strong>(15): 2031-2064.</p> <p>Lehner, B., et al. (2008). "New Global Hydrography Derived From Spaceborne Elevation Data." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union <strong>89</strong>(10): 93-94.</p> <p>Lehner, B. and G. Grill (2013). "Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and new approaches to study the world's large river systems." Hydrological Processes <strong>27</strong>(15): 2171-2186.</p> <p>Mesinger, F., et al. (2006). "NORTH AMERICAN REGIONAL REANALYSIS." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society <strong>87</strong>(3): 343-360.</p>
High Mountain Asia Daily 5 km Downscaled SPEAR Precipitation and Air Temperature Projections V001
This data set consists of daily, 5 km resolution precipitation and mean, near-surface air temperature projections from 2015 through 2100 for the High Mountain Asia (HMA) region. The data were generated by statistically downscaling 0.5° resolution model data from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamic Laboratory (GFDL) Seamless System for Prediction and EArth System Research (SPEAR) 30-member ensemble climate model. Projections are provided for two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs): SSP2-4.5 and SSP5 8.5. The historical model run (1990 through 2014) used to initialize the SPEAR projections is also available.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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