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9 results for “predator interference”
Of wolves and bears: Seasonal drivers of interference and exploitation competition between apex predators
<p>Competition between apex predators can alter the strength of top-down forcing, yet we know little about the behavioral mechanisms that drive competition in multipredator ecosystems. Interactions between predators can be synergistic (facilitative) or antagonistic (inhibitive), both of which are widespread in nature, vary in strength between species and across space and time, and affect predation patterns and predator-prey dynamics. Recent research suggests gray wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) kill rates decrease where they are sympatric with brown bears (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), however, the mechanisms behind this pattern remain unknown. We used data from two long-term research projects in Scandinavia (Europe) and Yellowstone National Park (North America) to test the role of interference and exploitation competition from bears on wolf predatory behavior, where altered wolf handling and search time of prey in the presence of bears are indicative of interference and exploitation competition, respectively. Our results suggest the mechanisms driving competition between bears and wolves were dependent on the season and study system. During spring in Scandinavia, interference competition was the primary mechanism driving decreased kill rates for wolves sympatric with bears; handling time increased, but search time did not. In summer, however, when both bear and wolf predation focused on neonate moose, the behavioral mechanism switched to exploitation competition; search time increased, but handling time did not. Interference competition, however, did affect wolf predation dynamics in Yellowstone during summer, where wolves prey more evenly on neonate and adult ungulates. Here, bear presence at a carcass increased the amount of time wolves spent at carcasses of all sizes and wolf handling time for small prey, but decreased handling time for the largest prey. Wolves facilitate scavenging opportunities for bears, however, bears alter wolf predatory behavior via multiple pathways and are primarily antagonistic to wolves. Our study helps clarify the behavioral mechanisms driving competition between apex predators, illustrating how interspecific interactions can manifest into population-level predation patterns.</p>
Of wolves and bears: Seasonal drivers of interference and exploitation competition between apex predators
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Prey size mediates interference competition and predation dynamics in a large carnivore community
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Temperature-dependent interspecific interference alters pygmy backswimmer predation on water fleas
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Data from: Predator size affects the intensity of mutual interference in a predatory mirid
<p><span>Interference competition occurs when access to an available resource is negatively affected by interactions with other individuals, where mutual interference involves individuals of the same species. </span>The interactive phenomena among individuals may be size-dependent, since body size is a major factor that may alter prey consumption rates and ultimately the dynamics and structure of food webs. <span>A study was initiated in order to evaluate the effect of mutual interference in </span>the prey-specific attack rates and handling times of <span>same size class predators, </span>incorporating variation in consumer size.<span> For this purpose</span><span>, laboratory functional response experiments were conducted using same age predators, i.e. newly hatched (first instar) or mature (fifth instar) nymphs of the polyphagous mirid predator </span><i><span>Macrolophus pygmaeus</span></i><span> preying on </span><i><span>Ephestia kuehniella</span></i><span> (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs. The experiments involved four predator density treatments, i.e. one, two, three or four predators of same age, i.e. either first or fifth instar nymphs, which were exposed to several prey densities. The Crowley-Martin model, which allows for interference competition between foraging predators, was used to fit the data. The results showed that </span>mutual interference between <span>predator's nymphs </span>may occur that <span>affect their </span>foraging efficiency. <span>The values of the attack rate coefficient</span> <span>were dependent on the predator density and for the first instar nymphs was significantly lower at the highest predator density than the lower predator densities, whereas for the fifth instar nymphs in all density treatments was significantly lower to that of the individual foragers' ones. These results indicate that mutual interference is more intense for larger predators and is more obvious at low prey densities where the competition level is higher. The wider use of predator-dependent functional response models will help towards a mechanistic understanding of intraspecific interactions and its consequences on the stability and structure of food webs. </span></p>
Seasonal variation in the strength of interference competition among headwater stream predators
<p>1. Vertebrate communities in headwater streams are assumed to be regulated through competitive and predatory interactions. Although documented predation is rare, studies regularly report competitive dominance by fish that, as larger competitors reliant on aquatic habitat, exclude semi-aquatic salamanders to marginal stream habitat. However, it is unclear whether fish interact with stream-breeding salamanders through indirect effects such as, competition for resources (e.g., food or cover) or fear (i.e., threat of predation) nor is it known whether these interactions are consistent through time.</p> <p>2. This study used a novel caging approach to determine if competitive outcomes between a headwater fish and salamanders were regulated primarily through resource depletion (exploitative competition) or behavioural avoidance (interference competition).</p> <p>3. We paired banded sculpin (<i>Cottus carolinae</i>) and larval red salamanders (<i>Pseudotriton ruber</i>) of similar body size in independent flow through mesocosms with intra- and inter-specific pairs allowed to interact physically or non-physically. The experiment was repeated in the fall and in the spring when stream salamander larvae begin to transform into terrestrial juveniles.</p> <p>4. Banded sculpin negatively influenced growth of red salamanders regardless of whether they were allowed to physically interact, suggesting interference competition and behavioural avoidance. This asymmetrical effect was strongest in the spring when salamanders underwent metamorphosis at higher rates in the presence of fish. However, in the fall, the effects were more balanced between the two species with salamanders impacting fish through exploitative competition.</p> <p>5. By studying the temporal relationships between two competitors and using a caging method novel to competition studies, we established that the outcomes of competition are dependent on season and may vary in type relative to the timing of life history events. For this community, these results suggest that outcomes of competition are highly dependent on season and could indicate a biotic mechanism maintaining headwater salamander distributions through source-sink dynamics. Our results also suggest that, in this species interaction, it may be unwarranted to assume that the outcomes of competition at one time represent the complex relationships regulating community interactions.</p>
Data from: Predator size affects the intensity of mutual interference in a predatory mirid
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Data from: No trade-offs in interspecific interference ability and predation susceptibility in newt larvae
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Seasonal variation in the strength of interference competition among headwater stream predators
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