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Effects of the relative abundance of predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) on abundances of snails and fiddler crabs in a Georgia salt marsh
Predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) are two of the main resident infaunal predators in southeastern US salt marshes. Little is known, however, about their effects on important prey species. These influences are llikely to be dependent on the identity and relative abundances of the two predator species. We therefore manipulated the relative abundances of Panopeus and Eurytium in experimental cages in the field (at Airport Marsh, Sapelo Island, GA). We maintained the treatments over 4 months (July - October 2011), before assessing impacts on predator limb loss (an indicator of interspecific antagonism) and prey densitities (small and large mud fiddler crabs and marsh periwinkles).
Experimental manipulation of predatory crab species identity (Panopeus obesus vs. Eurytium limosum) and size-structure and assessment of effects on invertebrate densities, sediment properties and plant biomass.
Predatory mud crabs (Panopeus obesus and Eurytium limosum) are two of the main resident infaunal predators in southeastern US salt marshes. Little is known, however, about their effects on important prey species, or their influences on sediment or plant properties. These influences are likely to be dependent on the identity of species and the size-stucture of the population. We therefore manipulated the species identity (Panopeus or Eurtium) and size-structure. The size-structure treatrment had four levels: small [9 individuals, each 18-22mm carapace diameter], medium [6 ind. 24 -28mm], large [3 ind. 32-36mm], mixed (3 small, 2 medium, 1 large, all within same cage). The numbers of crabs in each size-structure treatment were chosen to capture natural size-abundance relationships. The treatments were maintained in experimental cages (70 x 70 x 100 cm, length, width, height) in the mid-Spartina zone at Dean Creek, Sapelo Island, GA. We maintained the treatments over 4 months (July - October 2010), before assessing impacts on prey densitities (mud fiddler crabs, ribbed mussels and marsh periwinkles), and ecosystem properties (aboveground plant biomass, sediment redox potential, sediment water content).
The effects of pesticides, pH, and predatory stress in amphibians under mesocosm conditions.
Pesticides are applied throughout the world often with unintended consequences on ecological communities. In some regions, pesticides are associated with declining amphibians, but we have a poor understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Pesticides break down more slowly under low pH conditions and become more lethal to amphibians when combined with predatory stress, but these phenomena have not been tested outside of the laboratory. I examined how pH, predatory stress, and a single application of an insecticide (carbaryl) affected the survival and growth of larval bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) and green frogs (R. clamitans) in outdoor mesocosms. Decreased pH had no effect on survival, but caused greater tadpole growth. Low concentrations of carbaryl had no effect on either species, but high concentrations caused lower survival and greater growth in bullfrogs. Predatory stress and reduced pH did not make carbaryl more lethal likely due to the rapid breakdown rate of carbaryl in outdoor mesocosms. Thus, whereas the stress of pH and predators can make carbaryl (and other pesticides) more lethal under laboratory conditions using repeated applications of carbaryl, these stressors did not interact under mesocosm conditions using a single application of carbaryl.
Synergistic impacts of malathion and predatory stress on six species of North American tadpoles.
The decline of many amphibian populations is associated with pesticides, but for most pesticides we know little about their toxicity to amphibians. Malathion is a classic example; it is sprayed over aquatic habitats to control mosquitoes that carry malaria and the West Nile virus, yet we know little about its effect on amphibians. I examined the survival of six species of tadpoles (wood frogs, Rana sylvatica; leopard frogs, R. pipiens; green frogs, R. clamitans; bullfrogs, R. catesbeiana; American toads, Bufo americanus; and gray tree frogs, Hyla versicolor) for 16 d in the presence or absence of predatory stress and six concentrations of malathion. Malathion was moderately toxic to all species of tadpoles (median lethal concentration [LC50] values, the concentration estimated to kill 50% of a test population, ranged from 1.25–5.9 mg/L). These values are within the range of values reported for the few amphibians that have been tested (0.2–42 mg/L). In one of the six species, malathion became twice as lethal when combined with predatory stress. Similar synergistic interactions have been found with the insecticide carbaryl, suggesting that the synergy may occur in many carbamate and organophosphate insecticides. While malathion has the potential to kill amphibians and its presence is correlated with habitats containing declining populations, its actual role in amphibian declines is uncertain given the relatively low concentration in aquatic habitats.
The lethal impacts of Roundup and predatory stress on six species of North American tadpoles.
The decline in amphibians across the globe has sparked a search for the causes, and recent evidence suggests a connection with pesticides. However, for most pesticides, tests on amphibians are rare and conducted only for short durations (1 to 4 days) and without natural stressors. Recent studies have discovered that the stress of predator cues in the water can make insecticides much more lethal to larval amphibians, but it is unknown whether this phenomenon can be generalized to other types of pesticides. Using six species of North American amphibian larvae (Rana sylvatica, R. pipiens, R. clamitans, R. catesbeiana, Bufo americanus, and Hyla versicolor), I examined the impact of a globally common herbicide (Roundup) on the survival of tadpoles for 16days with and without the chemical cues emitted by predatory newts (Notophthalmus viridescens). LC5016-d estimates varied from 0.55 to 2.52 mg of active ingredient (AI)/L, which was considerably lower than the few previous studies using Roundup (1.5 to 15.5 mg AI/L). Moreover, in one of the six species tested (R. sylvatica), the addition of predatory stress made Roundup twice as lethal. This discovery suggests that synergistic interactions between predatory stress and pesticides may indeed be a generalizable phenomenon in amphibians that occurs with a wide variety of pesticides.
Velociraptor mongoliensis and Troodon mongoliensis squabble over a Protoceratops andrewsi carcass. The firsfls greater firepower matched the second 's larger size. in Predatory Dinosaurs of the World
Velociraptor mongoliensis and Troodon mongoliensis squabble over a Protoceratops andrewsi carcass. The firsfls greater firepower matched the second 's larger size.
Fig. 3 in Predatory midges of the tribes Palpomyiini and Sphaeromiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Middle East, with keys and descriptions of new species
Fig. 3. Bezzia (Sivabezzia) spp. A–D. Bezzia pachypyga, ♂ (from Remm 1974). A. Genitalia, ♂. B. Parameres. C. Aedeagus. D. Seminal capsules, ♀. – E–I. Bezzia melanoflava (from Clastrier 1958). E. Genitalia, ♂. F. Parameres. G. Aedeagus, ventral view. H. Aedeagus, lateral view. I. Seminal capsules, ♀.
Fig. 1 in Predatory midges of the tribes Palpomyiini and Sphaeromiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Middle East, with keys and descriptions of new species
Fig. 1. Bezzia libanensis Alwin & Szadziewski sp. nov., ♂. A. Wing. B. Thorax. C. Antennal scape and flagellum. D. Fore leg. E. Mid leg. F. Hind leg. G. Male genitalia. H. Male genitalia, ventral view. I. Parameres. J. Aedeagus.
Fig. 2 in Predatory midges of the tribes Palpomyiini and Sphaeromiini (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from the Middle East, with keys and descriptions of new species
Fig. 2. Bezzia sharjahi Szadziewski & Alwin sp. nov. A. Wing, ♀. B. Antennal flagellum, ♂. C. Antennal flagellum, ♀. D. Genitalia, ♂. E. Parameres. F. Aedeagus. G. Seminal capsules, ♀.
Figure 1 in Functional response of the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) to Eotetranychus frosti (Tetranychidae) and Cenopalpus irani (Tenuipalpidae)
Figure 1 Functional response curves of adult female Amblyseius swirskii to different stages of Eotetranychus frosti and Cenopalpus irani. Dots represent the observed numbers of prey consumed at each initial prey density, and lines were predicted by the random predator equation (Rogers, 1972).
Figure 10. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 10. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the heart. AM, Amoebocyte; AU, auricle; PE, pericardium; PEG, pericardial gland; R, rectum; SM, suspensory membrane; V, ventricle.
Figure 3. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 3. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A ventral view of the septum, foot and mouth. BG, Byssal groove; F, foot; F(T), 'toe' of foot; M, mouth; SE, septum; SEM, margin of septal membrane; SEP(1),(2),(3),(4), septal pores.
Figure 1 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 1. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. SEM views of the siphonal apparatus. (A) Posterior view of the exhalant and inhalant siphons, with three and four siphonal papillae, respectively. (B) Higher magnification view of a single siphonal papilla with a terminal array of sensory cilia. CI, Cilia; ES, exhalant siphon; IS, Inhalant siphon; SP, sensory papilla; SPB, base of sensory papillae.
Figure 9. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 9. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the pedal ganglia and the statocysts. PEGA, Pedal ganglia; STAT, statocyst; STL, statolith.
Figure 5 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 5. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. Transverse sections through the (A) oesophagous; (B) crystalline style sac; (C) mid gut; (D) hind gut; and (E) rectum, all drawn to the same scale. CC, Collagen coat; CS, crystalline style.
Figure 8. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through a in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 8. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through a single digestive tubule. AM, Amoebocyte; CRC, crypt cell; DC, digestive cell.
Figure 4. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 4. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A transverse section through the stomach in the region of the conjoined style sac and mid gut. CS, Crystalline style; CSMG, conjoined style sac and mid gut; CSS, crystalline style sac; FIPI, fragments of ingested prey; GS, gastric shield; MG, mid gut; SC, secretory cells.
Figure 7 in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 7. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. Histological sections through the visceral mass and ingested prey items. (A) A transverse section through the stomach with ingested prey items inside it. (B, C) The remains of captured and ingested ostracods. (D) The skeletal remains of an unknown prey item. CSS, Crystalline style sac; GS, gastric shield; IPI, ingested prey item; ST, stomach.
Figure 12. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A section through a in The organs of prey capture and digestion in the miniature predatory bivalve Spheniopsis brasiliensis (Anomalodesmata: Cuspidarioidea: Spheniopsidae) expose a novel life-history trait
Figure 12. Spheniopsis brasiliensis. A section through a portion of a gonadial follicle. C, Cuticle; DN, dividing nucleus; DO, developing oocyte; EO, encapsulated oocyte; GE, germinal epithelium; N, nucleus; RT, regressing testes; STA, stalk; SPZ, spermatozoan; Y, yolk.
Figure 13 in Additional contributions to the knowledge of Philippine predatory mites mainly of the subfamilies Cunaxinae and Cunaxoidinae (Acari: Prostigmata: Cunaxidae)
Figure 13 Scutopalus clavatus (Shiba), female: a – leg I; b – leg II; c – leg III (trochanter to genu);
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.