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opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Figure 1 in How Spiromesifen affects some biological parameters and switching behavior of predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when feeding on different ratios of mixed preys

Figure 1. Linear relation between initial number of Bemisia tabaci (left)/ Tetranychus urticae (right) treated with recommended concentration of Spiromesifen and number of preys eaten by predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

Figure 2 in How Spiromesifen affects some biological parameters and switching behavior of predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii (Acari: Phytoseiidae) when feeding on different ratios of mixed preys

Figure 2. Fitted regression equation between the proportion of consumed mite to total preys and preference index (β) of Amblyseius swirskii.

Fig. 2 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 2 Frame shots showing the four feeding modes in the smooth newt. In the aquatic stage: a suction feeding under water and b jaw prehension on land. In the terrestrial stage: c suction feeding under water and d tongue prehension on land. The prey (maggot) is indicated by the arrow.

Fig. 1 Landmarks used for the kinematic analyses. 1 upper jaw tip, 2 lower jaw tip, 3 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 1 Landmarks used for the kinematic analyses. 1 upper jaw tip, 2 lower jaw tip, 3 hyoid (throat), 4 jaw joint, 5 nape, 6 dorsal trunk reference, 7 tongue tip (only digitized when visible)

Fig. 4 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 4 Scatter plot of the first two principal components. Principal component 1 (PC1) and principal component 2 (PC2) are derived from the 12 kinematic variables to illustrate the relationship among kinematic patterns for the four feeding modes coded by symbols and the ten individuals coded by color. Each data point represents one feeding event, and the ellipses indicate 95 % confidence interval in the four feeding modes. P@1 explains 57 % and P@2 explains 15.5 % of the total variance. See Table 3 for complete loadings of each principal component

Fig. 3 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 3 Kinematic profiles of the four feeding modes. Kinematic means (dark and bold curves)±SD (pale and slim curves) of gape (blue), hyoid (Vreen), head rotation (oranVe), and tongue movement (Vray, only shown

Fig. 6 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 6 First (a) and second (b) phase of the tongue prehension mode shown in Fig. 4a. The time axes are normalized to percentages of corresponding phase duration. Both phases can, therefore, be directly compared to the kinematic profiles shown in Fig. 4. Note the striking similarities of movement patterns of the second phase (b) and the aquatic feeding patterns shown in Fig. 4a, b, c

Fig. 5 in Flexibility is everything: prey capture throughout the seasonal habitat switches in the smooth newt Lissotriton vulgaris

Fig. 5 Significant correlation plots of kinematic variables. The feeding modes are color*coded: blue (a, b) suction feeding in the aquatic stage, liVWt brown (c, d), jaw prehension in the aquatic stage, and Vreen (e–l)

publicApr 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Dietary complexity and hidden costs of prey switching in a generalist top predator

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opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Prey-switching does not protect a generalist turtle from bioenergetic consequences when its preferred food is scarce

Background: Optimal foraging theory explains how animals make foraging decisions based on the availability, nutritional content, and handling times of different food types. Generalists solve this problem by consuming a variety of food types, and switch between them with relative ease. Specialists eat few food types, and may starve if those food types are not available. We integrated stable isotope analyses with previously-published stomach contents and environmental data to investigate how the foraging ecologies of three sympatric freshwater turtle species vary across four wetlands that differ in turbidity and primary producer abundance. Results: We found that the generalist Emydura macquarii consumes a varied diet (but mostly filamentous green algae) when primary producers are available and water is clear, but switches to a more carnivorous diet when primary producers are scarce, following the predictions of optimal foraging theory. In contrast, two more-specialized carnivorous species, Chelodina expansa and Chelodina longicollis, do not differ in diet across wetlands, and interspecific competition may increase where E. macquarii is carnivorous. When forced to be more carnivorous, E. macquarii exhibits higher rates of empty stomachs, and female turtles have reduced body condition, but neither Chelodina species are affected. Conclusions: Our results provide support for optimal foraging theory, but also show that the ability to change diet does not protect the generalist from experiencing lower foraging success when its preferred food is rare, with direct consequences for their energy budgets. Our results have conservation implications because wetlands in the Murray-Darling river system are increasingly turbid and have low macrophyte abundance, and all three species are declining.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Mid-flight prey switching in the fringed-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus)

Due to their influence on the evolution of the signaling behavior and the structure of signals used by prey, the foraging strategies of eavesdropping predators have been the focus of considerable research attention. Many prey signal from aggregations, however, and predators already en route to attack one individual often encounter the signals of other prey nearby. Little attention has been paid to if and how predators integrate this information into their foraging decisions. We used playback experiments with wild-caught fringed-lipped bats (Trachops cirrhosus) to test whether these predators act on new information to switch foraging decisions mid-approach, and examined how switching influenced the effectiveness of their attacks. We found that on nearly 80% of attack flights, bats switched between identical túngara frog (Engystomops pustulosus) calls positioned in close proximity (1m apart). This switching rate dropped to 55% when prey were separated by 3 m. The accuracy of attacks improved when bats switched between calls spaced 1m apart, but the localization advantage of switching disappeared for calls separated by 3m. Regardless of whether bats switched to attack new targets, localization errors increased, flight times increased, and capture success decreased for bats exposed mid-flight to the calls of prey spaced at the larger distances. In the case of flight times, this appears to be due to a distraction effect when experiencing calls 3m from the initial target. Overall, our results reveal that fringed-lipped bats attend cues from non-targeted prey during attack flights, and that the distance between calling prey alters the effectiveness of attacks, regardless of whether a bat switches targets. Understanding how eavesdropping predators update their foraging decisions in response to new signals from neighboring prey will lead to a fuller picture of the ways these unintended receivers shape the evolution of signaling behavior.

publicAug 2017View details →

Data from: Release from prey preservation behavior via prey switch allowed diversification of cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in digger wasps

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publicJun 2022View details →

Mid-flight prey switching in the fringed-lipped bat (Trachops cirrhosus)

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