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Fig. 8 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 8. Scanning electron microscopy. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. A–B, D. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 59). C, E. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 60). A–B. Posterior dorsal view. C. Detail of the furca base in posterior dorsolateral view. D–E. Details of the furcal rami. Abbreviations: fb = furca base; fr = furcal rami; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales. Scale bars = 10 µm.

Fig. 4 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 4. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. Posterior region of the body. A. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). B, D. Holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). C. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 57). A–B. Posterior dorsal view. C. Posterior dorsolateral view. D. Posterior ventral view. Abbreviations: fr = furcal rami; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales. Scale bars = 40 µm.

Fig. 5 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 5. Close-up of the different types of scales described forPolymerurus insularis sp. nov.A–C. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 59). D, F. Holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). E. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). A–C. Scanning electron microscopy. D–F. Light microscopy – DIC. A. Detail of a section of the dorsal middle trunk, showing the most common type of scale, Type 1, with emphasis on its characteristic shape. B. Detail of a section of the dorsal posterior trunk, showing Type 2 and Type 3 scales. C–E. Detail of the transition between the dorsal posterior trunk and the dorsal furca base, showing the particular scale covering of this region. F. Detail of the transition between the ventral posterior trunk and the ventral furca base, showing the particular scale covering this region. Abbreviations: sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales; sc-6 = Type 6 scales; sc-7 = Type 7 scales; sc-8 = Type 8 scales; svs = small ventral pair of spines. Scale bars: A–C = 5 µm; D = 10 µm; E = 15 µm; F = 10 µm.

Fig. 3 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 3. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov., holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). A–C. Correspond to the most anterior third of the specimen. A. Anterior dorsal region. B. Anterior internal region. C. anterior ventral region. D–F. Correspond to the trunk. D. Dorsal trunk. E. Internal trunk. F. Ventral trunk. G–I. Correspond to the posterior third of the specimen. G. Dorsal posterior third. H. Internal posterior third. I. Ventral posterior third. Abbreviations: ce = cephalion; ct = cephalic bristles; eg = egg; hy = hypostomium; i = intestine; is = interciliary spines; lc = locomotory cilia; lce = lateral cephalic expansions; mo = mouth; ne = nephridia; pl = pleurae; ph = pharynx; PhIJ = pharyngealintestinal junction; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; vs = Type 1 ventral scale. Scale bars = 20 µm.

Fig. 1 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 1. Sampling location, at the state of Pernambuco, Fernando de Noronha archipelago, Brazil A. Brazil. B. Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. C. Xaréu açude. Images provided by Google Earth (A–B) and Prof Dr Felipe Toledo, University of Campinas (C).

Fig. 6 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of dorsal and ventral posterior regions and type scales of Polymerurus insularis sp. nov. A–B. Paratype (ZUEC GCH 56). A. Dorsal view of the posterior end. Some Type 1 scales are faded for a better visualization of Types 2, 3 and 5 scales. B. Ventral view of the posterior end. C. Each type of scale, individually depicted (not to scale). Abbreviations: ff = furcal furrow; fr = furcal rami; lc = locomotory cilia; is = interciliary spines; sc-1 = Type 1 scales; sc-2 = Type 2 scale; sc-3 = Type 3 scales; sc-4 = Type 4 scales; sc-5 = Type 5 scales; sc-6 = Type 6 scales; sc-7 = Type 7 scales; sc-8 = Type 8 scales. Scale bars = 40 µm.

Fig. 9 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 9. Maximum Likelihood tree based on multigene approach with 18S and 28S sequences. Highlighted branches correspond to the Polymerurus Remane, 1927 species sequences. Values on the branches correspond, respectively, to: SH-aLRT support (%) / aBayes support / ultrafast bootstrap support (%).

Fig. 2 in Long distance dispersal and pseudo-cryptic species in Gastrotricha: first description of a new species (Chaetonotida, Chaetonotidae, Polymerurus) from an oceanic island with volcanic rocks

Fig. 2. Light microscopy – DIC. Polymerurus insularis sp. nov., holotype (ZUEC GCH 55). Full body view. A. Dorsal view. B. Internal view. C. Ventral view. Scale bars = 30 µm.

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Data from: Integrative taxonomy resolves the cryptic and pseudo-cryptic Radula buccinifera complex (Porellales: Jungermanniopsida), including two reinstated and five new species

Molecular data from three chloroplast markers resolve individuals attributable to Radula buccinifera in six lineages belonging to two subgenera, indicating the species is polyphyletic as currently circumscribed. All lineages are morphologically diagnosable, but one pair exhibits such morphological overlap that they can be considered cryptic. Molecular and morphological data justify the re-instatement of a broadly circumscribed ecologically variable R. strangulata, of R. mittenii, and the description of five new species. Two species Radula mittenii Steph. and R. notabilis sp. nov. are endemic to the Wet Tropics Bioregion of north-east Queensland, suggesting high diversity and high endemism might characterise the bryoflora of this relatively isolated wet-tropical region. Radula demissa sp. nov. is endemic to southern temperate Australasia, and like R. strangulata occurs on both sides of the Tasman Sea. Radula imposita sp. nov. is a twig and leaf epiphyte found in association with waterways in New South Wales and Queensland. Another species, R. pugioniformis sp. nov., has been confused with Radula buccinifera but was not included in the molecular phylogeny. Morphological data suggest it may belong to subg. Odontoradula. Radula buccinifera is endemic to Australia including Western Australia and Tasmania, and to date is known from south of the Clarence River on the north coast of New South Wales. Nested within R. buccinifera is a morphologically distinct plant from Norfolk Island described as R. anisotoma sp. nov. Radula australiana is resolved as monophyletic, sister to a species occurring in east coast Australian rainforests, and nesting among the R. buccinifera lineages with strong support. The molecular phylogeny suggests several long-distance dispersal events may have occurred. These include two east-west dispersal events from New Zealand to Tasmania and south-east Australia in R. strangulata, one east-west dispersal event from Tasmania to Western Australia in R. buccinifera, and at least one west-east dispersal from Australia to New Zealand in R. australiana. Another west-east dispersal event from Australia to Norfolk Island may have led to the budding speciation of R. anisotoma. In contrast, Radula demissa is phylogeographically subdivided into strongly supported clades either side of the Tasman Sea, suggesting long distance dispersal is infrequent in this species.

Supplementary material 1 from: Voigtländer K, Iorio E, Decker P, Spelda J (2017) The subgenus Monotarsobius in the Iberian Peninsula with a description of a new pseudo-cryptic species from Northern Spain revealed by an integrative revision of Lithobius crassipes L. Koch, 1862 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae). ZooKeys 681: 1-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.681.12942

Full data of investigated specimens of Lithobius crassipes : Explanation note: Information on locality, date, collector, collection, sex of investigated specimens of Lithobius crassipes.

Figure 5 in An integrative analysis uncovers a new, pseudo-cryptic species of Amazonian marmoset (Primates: Callitrichidae: Mico) from the arc of deforestation

Figure 5. Two of the four lineages retrieved in genus Mico, based on morphological synapomorphies (data not shown) and phylogenomic analyses. (a) Mico emiliae lineage; (b) Mico schneideri sp. n. lineage. Illustrations: Stephen Nash.

Figure 3 in An integrative analysis uncovers a new, pseudo-cryptic species of Amazonian marmoset (Primates: Callitrichidae: Mico) from the arc of deforestation

Figure 3. Dorsal view of skins of Mico species tested for diagnosability of morphological characters of pelage colour. Lef to right: Mico schneideri sp. n. holotype (INPA 7293), M. rondoni (MPEG 45620), M. marcai (MPEG 42807), M. emiliae (MPEG 45566), M. argentatus (MPEG 45609), and M. melanurus (MPEG 45571).

Figure 2 in An integrative analysis uncovers a new, pseudo-cryptic species of Amazonian marmoset (Primates: Callitrichidae: Mico) from the arc of deforestation

Figure 2. Schneider's marmosets Mico schneideri sp. n. recorded at the type locality: Paranaíta, lef margin of the Teles Pires River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. (a) Adult female; (b) adult male. Photos: Diego Silva.

Figure 1 in An integrative analysis uncovers a new, pseudo-cryptic species of Amazonian marmoset (Primates: Callitrichidae: Mico) from the arc of deforestation

Figure 1. History of hypotheses on the geographical distribution of Mico emiliae according to past taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The outer map of South America shows the boundaries of Amazonia biome with main riverine configuration in black and the arc of deforestation in red. The grey area in the inner maps shows the geographical distribution of M. emiliae: (a) 1920–1990: M. emiliae as either valid species, invalid species, or subspecies of M. argentatus12–18; (b) 1991–1992: a valid species occurring on Tapajós–Xingu, Guaporé–Ji-Paraná and Ji-Paraná–Aripuanã interfluves19; (c) 1993–2001: description of M. marcai for part of the Ji-Paraná– Aripuanã interfluve, and M. emiliae as a subspecies of M. argentatus with occurrence on the three interfluves of b20; (d) 2002–2010: description of M. rondoni for part of the Guaporé–Ji-Paraná interfluve and M. emiliae as a valid species occurring on the Juruena–Teles Pires, Ji-Paraná–Aripuanã and Tapajós–Xingu interfluves21; (e) current hypothesis supported by taxonomic studies21,22; (f) hypothesis proposed since 1993 by A. Rylands and colleagues11,23–25 (see Supplementary Table S2 for localities coordinates). Illustrations: Stephen Nash.

Figure 6 in An integrative analysis uncovers a new, pseudo-cryptic species of Amazonian marmoset (Primates: Callitrichidae: Mico) from the arc of deforestation

Figure 6. Geographic distribution of Mico schneideri sp. n. and M. emiliae (see Supplementary Table S8 for locality details). Illustrations: Stephen Nash.

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Data from: Integrative taxonomy resolves the cryptic and pseudo-cryptic Radula buccinifera complex (Porellales: Jungermanniopsida), including two reinstated and five new species

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Figure 7 from: Voigtländer K, Iorio E, Decker P, Spelda J (2017) The subgenus Monotarsobius in the Iberian Peninsula with a description of a new pseudo-cryptic species from Northern Spain revealed by an integrative revision of Lithobius crassipes L. Koch, 1862 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae). ZooKeys 681: 1-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.681.12942

Figure 7 - Start of the anterior dorsal spine of prefemur in males and females of Lithobius crassipesoides sp. n. (Spain) and L. crassipes (Germany and France). The DaP spine has been recorded on each leg of each specimen in French material: this explains the 0.5 graduation in this case (DaP being sometimes present on one side only).

Figure 9 from: Voigtländer K, Iorio E, Decker P, Spelda J (2017) The subgenus Monotarsobius in the Iberian Peninsula with a description of a new pseudo-cryptic species from Northern Spain revealed by an integrative revision of Lithobius crassipes L. Koch, 1862 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae). ZooKeys 681: 1-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.681.12942

Figure 9 - Canonical variate analysis of morphometric data showing factors one and two, using all morphometric characters of Lithobius crassipesoides sp. n. from Spain and L. crassipes from Germany. The specimen SMNG VNR15170-2 b with an extraordinary position within the CVA is marked with an arrow.

Figure 4 from: Voigtländer K, Iorio E, Decker P, Spelda J (2017) The subgenus Monotarsobius in the Iberian Peninsula with a description of a new pseudo-cryptic species from Northern Spain revealed by an integrative revision of Lithobius crassipes L. Koch, 1862 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae). ZooKeys 681: 1-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.681.12942

Figure 4 - Antennae length (mm) of males and females of Lithobius crassipesoides sp. n. (Spain) and L. crassipes (Germany and France).

Figure 6 from: Voigtländer K, Iorio E, Decker P, Spelda J (2017) The subgenus Monotarsobius in the Iberian Peninsula with a description of a new pseudo-cryptic species from Northern Spain revealed by an integrative revision of Lithobius crassipes L. Koch, 1862 (Chilopoda, Lithobiomorpha, Lithobiidae). ZooKeys 681: 1-38. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.681.12942

Figure 6 - Number of coxal pores on legpair 12–15 in males and females of Lithobius crassipesoides sp. n. (Spain) and L. crassipes (Germany).