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455 results for “range expansion”
Modeling Range Expansion of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid in Eastern North America 1951-2009
Range expansion by native and non-native species will continue to be a major component of global change. Anticipating the potential effects of changes in species distributions requires models capable of forecasting population spread across realistic, heterogeneous landscapes and subject to spatiotemporal variability in habitat suitability. Several decades of theory and model development, as well as increased computing power and availability of fine-resolution GIS data, now make such models possible. This R code allows simulation of the spread of the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA, Adelges tsugae) under climatic conditions experienced from December of 1951 until March of 2009. The code describes a spatially explicit stochastic model that combines dynamic dispersal and population processes with fine-resolution maps characterizing spatiotemporal heterogeneity in winter temperature and hemlock abundance to model range expansion of HWA. The model is parameterized using multi-year datasets describing population and dispersal dynamics of HWA and is applied to eastern North America.
Range expansion is slower and more variable with rapid evolution across a spatial gradient in temperature
<p><span>Rapid evolution in colonizing populations can alter our ability to predict future range expansions. Recent theory suggests that the dynamics of replicate range expansions are less variable, and hence more predictable, with increased selection at the expanding range front. Here, we test whether selection from environmental gradients across space produces more consistent range expansion speeds, using the experimental evolution of replicate duckweed populations colonizing landscapes with and without a temperature gradient. We found that range expansion across a temperature gradient was slower on average, with range-front populations displaying higher population densities, and genetic signatures and trait changes consistent with directional selection. Despite this, we found that with a spatial gradient range expansion speed became more variable and less consistent among replicates over time. Our results therefore challenge current theory, highlighting that chance can still shape the genetic response to selection to influence our ability to predict range expansion speeds.</span></p>
Figure 3 in A new species of Phyllium (Phyllium) Illiger (Phasmida: Phylliidae) from Yap Island, Micronesia, representing a range expansion for the family
Figure 3. Holotype of Phyllium (Phyllium) yapicum new species. A) Genitalia, ventral view. B) Antennae and anterior half of head. C) Left profemora.
Range expansion can promote the evolution of plastic generalism in coarse-grained landscapes
<p>Phenotypic plasticity is one way for organisms to deal with variable environments through generalism. However, plasticity is not found universally and its evolution may be constrained by costs and other limitations such as complexity: the need for multiple mutational steps before the adaptation is realized. Theory predicts that greater experienced heterogeneity, such as organisms may encounter when spatial heterogeneity is fine-grained relative to dispersal, should favor the evolution of a broader niche. Here we tested this prediction via simulation. We found that, contrary to classical predictions, coarse-grained landscapes can be the most favorable for the evolution of plasticity, but only when populations encountered those landscapes through range expansion. During these range expansions, coarse-grained landscapes select for each step in the complex mutational pathway to plastic generalism by blocking the dispersal of specialists. These circumstances provide ecological opportunities for innovative mutations that change the niche. Our results indicate a new mechanism by which range expansion and spatially structured landscapes interact to shape evolution, and reveal that the environments in which a complex adaptation has the highest fitness may not be the most favorable for its evolution.</p>
Simulation outputs used in "Individual variation in dispersal, and its sources, shape the fate of pushed vs. pulled range expansions"
<p>Simulation outputs used in "Individual variation in dispersal, and its sources, shape the fate of pushed vs. pulled range expansions" (by Maxime Dahirel, Chloé Guicharnaud and Elodie Vercken)</p> <p>This is a copy for archiving purposes of the saved outputs from a NetLogo simulation model of range expansions, used in the analyses described in the following GitHub repository: https://github.com/mdahirel/pushed-pulled-2020-heritability-IBM (Zenodo archive: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5830993)</p> <p>This .csv file is the final output of the "generate_simulations" code in that repo, and feeds into in the "analyse_simulations" and "supplementary" codes. It is meant to be copied in the NetLogo_output folder of the aforementioned repo after download, in case one:</p> <p>- wants to check our analysis code</p> <p>- and does not want/ have time to re-run the simulations from scratch</p> <p>For any other information, including on the contents of the csv, please see the aforementioned repository</p> <p> </p>
Data for: Range and niche expansion through multiple interspecific hybridization - a genotyping by sequencing analysis of Cherleria (Caryophyllaceae)
<p><b>Background:</b> <i>Cherleria</i> (Caryophyllaceae) is a circumboreal genus that also occurs in the high mountains of the northern hemisphere. In this study, we focus on a clade that diversified in the European High Mountains, which was identified using nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA) sequence data in a previous study. With the nrDNA data, all but one species was monophyletic, with little sequence variation within most species. Here, we use genotyping by sequencing (GBS) data to determine whether the nrDNA data showed the full picture of the evolution in the genomes of these species.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The overall relationships found with the GBS data were congruent with those from the nrDNA study. Most of the species were still monophyletic and many of the same subclades were recovered, including a clade of three narrow endemic species from Greece and a clade of largely calcifuge species. The GBS data provided additional resolution within the two species with the best sampling, <i>C. langii</i> and <i>C. laricifolia</i>, with structure that was congruent with geography. In addition, the GBS data showed significant hybridization between several species, including species whose ranges did not currently overlap.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> The hybridization led us to hypothesize that lineages came in contact on the Balkan Peninsula after they diverged, even when those lineages are no longer present on the Balkan Peninsula. Hybridization may also have helped lineages expand their niches to colonize new substrates and different areas. Not only do genome-wide data provide increased phylogenetic resolution of difficult nodes, they also give evidence for a more complex evolutionary history than what can be depicted by a simple, branching phylogeny.</p>
Data from: Local adaptation to seasonal cues at the fronts of two parallel, climate-induced butterfly range expansions
<p>Climate change allows species to expand polewards, but non-changing environmental features may limit expansions. Daylength is unaffected by climate and drives life cycle timing in many animals and plants. Because daylength varies over latitudes, poleward-expanding populations must adapt to new daylength conditions. We studied local adaptation to daylength in the butterfly <em>Lasiommata megera</em>, which is expanding northwards along several routes in Europe. Using common garden laboratory experiments with controlled daylengths, we compared diapause induction between populations from the southern-Swedish core range and recently established marginal populations from two independent expansion fronts in Sweden. Caterpillars from the northern populations entered diapause in clearly longer daylengths than those from southern populations, with the exception of caterpillars from one geographically isolated population. The northern populations have repeatedly and rapidly adapted to their local daylengths, indicating that the common use of daylength as seasonal cue need not strongly limit climate-induced insect range expansions.</p>
Fig. 3 in Distribution range expansion of Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Anatolia, Turkey, with a new locality record
Fig. 3. Predicted distribution of Salamandra infraimmaculata under current climatic conditions. Warm colors (red and yellow) show suitable habitats, whereas the blue color represents unsuitable habitats for S. infraimmaculata.
Fig. 2 in Distribution range expansion of Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Anatolia, Turkey, with a new locality record
Fig. 2. Distribution patterns of Salamandra infraimmaculata throughout southern Anatolia together with the new locality record.
Fig. 1 in Distribution range expansion of Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Anatolia, Turkey, with a new locality record
Fig. 1. Samples of Salamandra infraimmaculata captured from the new locality: (A) male and (B) female.
Fig. 4 in Distribution range expansion of Salamandra infraimmaculata Martens, 1885 (Caudata: Salamandridae) in Anatolia, Turkey, with a new locality record
Fig. 4. The marginal response curves of S. infraimmaculata to (A) Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month (Bio6), (B) Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter (Bio8), and (C) Precipitation of Warmest Quarter (Bio18). The red lines and blue shading respectively show the mean responses of the 30 replicate MaxEnt runs and the mean plus/minus one standard deviation.
FIG. 1 in Sighting of Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters (Phaeophyceae, Stramenopiles) in Algeria (Mediterranean Sea): an insight into range expansion routes
FIG. 1. — Mediterranean records of Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters. The date is that of the sighting and, if unknown, that of the publication. TABLE 1. — Mediterranean records of Saccorhiza polyschides (Lightfoot) Batters. Records from the Alboran Sea, close to the Straits of Gibraltar, are not reported.
Fig. 1 in Recent Range Expansion Of Pomatias Rivulare (Eichwald, 1829) (Mollusca: Pomatiidae) In Central-Eastern Europe
Fig. 1. Distribution area of Pomatias rivulare according to SCHÜTT (2001), LIKHAREV and RAM- MELMEIER (1952), DAMJANOV and LIKHAREV (1975), GROSSU (1986) and ŠTAMOL and JOVANO- VIĆ (1990). Filled squares indicate sampling sites of examined material, empty squares indicate subfossil occurrences in the Pannonian region according to BERTALAN et al. (1995), arrows indicate
Fig. 2 in Recent Range Expansion Of Pomatias Rivulare (Eichwald, 1829) (Mollusca: Pomatiidae) In Central-Eastern Europe
Fig. 2. Bayesian tree of COI genes of the examined Pomatias samples. Littorina plena (AJ622948) was used as an outgroup. Numbers at the branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities. Scalebar
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of selected porambonitid taxa in West Gondwana (Iberica), Baltica, Perunica and Avalonia. Arrows indicate derivation of early Baltic porambonitids from Gondwanan Poramborthis (1), derivation of Porambonites in Perunica and Avalonia from Baltica (2), and expansion of Porambonites from Baltica and/or Avalonia to West Gondwana (3). in Porambonites Havliceki Sp. Nov., A New Brachiopod From The Šárka Formation (Darriwilian) From Bohemia And Its Contribution To Early History Of The Porambonitidae
Text-fig. 2. Stratigraphic ranges of selected porambonitid taxa in West Gondwana (Iberica), Baltica, Perunica and Avalonia. Arrows indicate derivation of early Baltic porambonitids from Gondwanan Poramborthis (1), derivation of Porambonites in Perunica and Avalonia from Baltica (2), and expansion of Porambonites from Baltica and/or Avalonia to West Gondwana (3).
Figure 2 in Mediterranean water shrew (Neomys anomalus): range expansion northward
Figure 2. Position of the mental foramen (a, c, e) and lacrimal foramen (b, d, f) in Neomys anomalus from Estonia (not to scale).
Figure 3 in Mediterranean water shrew (Neomys anomalus): range expansion northward
Figure 3. Scatterplots of character pairs for Neomys fodiens and N. anomalus in Lithuania and Estonia. Table 2. Distinguishing between Neomys fodiens and N. anomalus in Lithuania and Estonia according to the formula X = 2.58 × X4 + 2.78 × X5 – X3 by Libois (1986). Data for N. fodiens from Balčiauskas et al. (2014).
Figure 1 in Mediterranean water shrew (Neomys anomalus): range expansion northward
Figure 1. Skull measurements of Neomys: X1 – angular length of mandibula, X2 – coronoid length of mandibula, X3 – length of mandibula, X4 – height of coronoid process, X5 – length of mandibular tooth row, X6 – length of mandibular tooth row with incisive, X7 – rostral length, X8 – condyloincisive length, X9 – condylobasal length, X10 – cranial width, X11 – interorbital breadth, X12 – postglenoid width, X13 – zygomatic width, X14 – length of maxillary tooth row, X15 – length of maxillary tooth row with incisive, X16 – palatal length, X17 – length of the unicuspid tooth row, and X18 – length of the molariform tooth row.
Figure 2. A in Possible expansion of the range of Xylocopa violacea L. (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Apidae) in Europe
Figure 2. A map showing the history of distribution of Xylocopa violacea in Poland. A. locations noted until 1935; B. locations noted between 1998 and 2017.
Fig. 1 in Potential Global Range Expansion Of A New Invasive Species, The Erythrina Gall Wasp, Quadrastichus Erythrinae Kim (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Fig. 1. Potential global range of erythrina gall wasp. The gray shadow indicates the potential expanding range, and the white blank areas indicate where infestation is unlikely.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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