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61 results for “range margin”
Simulation code for: The role of phenotypic plasticity in the establishment of range margins
<p>It has been argued that adaptive phenotypic plasticity may facilitate range expansions over spatially and temporally variable environments. However, plasticity may induce fitness costs. This may hinder the evolution of plasticity. Earlier modelling studies examined the role of plasticity during range expansions of populations with fixed genetic variance. However, genetic variance evolves in natural populations. This may critically alter model outcomes. We ask: How does the capacity for plasticity in populations with evolving genetic variance alter range margins that populations without the capacity for plas- ticity are expected to attain? We answered this question using computer simulations and analytical approximations. We found a critical plasticity cost above which the capacity for plasticity has no impact on the expected range of the population. Below the critical cost, by contrast, plasticity facilitates range expansion, extending the range in comparison to that expected for populations without plasticity. We further found that populations may evolve plasticity to buffer temporal environmental fluctuations, but only when the plasticity cost is below the critical cost. Thus, the cost of plasticity is a key factor involved in range expansions of populations with the potential to express plastic response in the adaptive trait.</p> <p>This article is part of the theme issue 'Species ranges in the face of changing environments (Part I)'.</p>
FIGURE 6 in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 6. Photoplate of the Plášťovce and Hámor sections: A-C. Plášťovce section. A) lat. 48°9'23.53"N, lon. 18°57'26.67"E, fine grained tuffites. B) Lat. 48° 9'14.61", lon. 18°56'47.80", clast supported through-cross bedded gravels overlying fine grained tuffites. C) Lat. 48°9'28.24"N, lon. 18°57'28.60"E, main quarry wall exposing fine to coarse grained sand, clast supported massive gravels. D-G. Hámor section, lat. 48°12'51.66"N, lon. 19°31'35.74"E, D) Overall view of the outcropping sand. E-G) Alteration of through cross-bedded low-angle laminated sands and clast supported gravels with sandy matrix.
FIGURE 2 in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 2. Lithology of the studied sections with sedimentological logs and paleoflow orientation. For codes of lithofacies see Appendix 1.
FIGURE 1. Location map. A, A in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 1. Location map. A, A) Position of Novohrad-Nógrád Basin within the Pannonian Basin System. Modified from Rybár et al., 2016. B) Location map of studied sections. C) Lithostratigraphic scheme. Explanatory notes: FPB- Fiľakovo-Pétervására Basin; DB- Danube Basin; NNB-Novohrad-Nógrád Basin. Modified from Gradstein et al., 2012.
FIGURE 9 in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 9. Foraminifera and nannofossils – statistical results. A. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the nannofossil assemblages. B. Relative abundances of Reticulofenestra minuta and Coccolithus pelagicus in the main stratigraphic levels. C. Cluster diagram (Ward algorithm analysis) of the benthic foraminifera assemblages, D. Species diversity of benthic foraminifera showing relation to typical environment adopted from Murray (2006), E. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS) diagram of benthic foraminifera, F. Isotope analysis (δ18O, δ13C), G. Estimated paleodepths based on benthic foraminifera.
FIGURE 5 in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 5. Photoplate of the Stredné Plachtince and Horné Strháre sections: A-F. Stredné Plachtince section, lat. 48°13'20.69"N, lon. 19°18'18.54"E. A) Main quarry wall exposing Príbelce sand topped by pyroclastic breccias. B-C) Bioturbated grouped bidirectional planar cross-bedded sand. D) Sand with symmetrical ripples marked by arrow. E) Contact between bidirectional and unidirectional cross-beds marked by tuffite layer. F) Contact between unidirectional cross-beds and through cross-bedded gravels topped by pyroclastic breccias. G-K. Horné Strháre section, lat. 48°15'57.91"N, lon. 19°21'9.08"E. G) Overall view of the quarry. H) unidirectional planar sandy cross-beds. I) Trough cross-bedded sand with mud drapes. J) Contact between trough cross-bedded sand with mud drapes and clast supported through cross-bedded gravels. K) Contact between tuffites and pyroclastic breccias. L) Boulder-sized clast of the paraconglomerate facies. For codes of lithofacies marked in italic see Appendix 1.
FIGURE 4 in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 4. Photoplate of the Kosihovce and Príbelce sections: A-C. Kosihovce section, lat. 48°11'15.16"N, lon. 19°31'35.74"E. A) Fine-grained tuffites with faint lamination and symmetrical ripples. B) Detail of the sampling points. C) Fine-grained tuffite with faint lamination. For codes of lithofacies marked in italic see Appendix 1. D-J. Príbelce section, lat. 48°11'49.89"N, lon. 19°14'44.42"E. D) Type locality of the Príbelce Member, E) Fine to very coarse sand with grouped unidirectional cross-beds. F) Fine to very coarse sand with grouped bidirectional cross-beds, G) Detail of the symmetrical ripple composed of sand and tuffite. H) Grouped unidirectional trough cross-bedded sand. I) Pyroclastic breccia. J) Fossiliferous horizontally bedded clast supported gravels with sandy matrix. For codes of lithofacies marked in italic see Appendix 1.
FIGURE 3 in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 3. Photoplate of the Čebovce and Trenč sections: A-C. Čebovce section, lat. 48°11'17.88"N, lon. 19°13'38.94"E, mud with faint lamination with slump bodies overlain by fine to coarse grained sand with pebbles. DG. Trenč section, lat. 48°13'20.47"N, lon. 19°14'44.42"E. D) Southern foot of the Strážna hora hill with oyster reefs outcropping at the forest boundary. E) Ostrea bed. F) Clast supported massive gravels. G) Fine-grained tuffite. For codes of lithofacies marked in italic see Appendix 1.
Simulation code for: The role of phenotypic plasticity in the establishment of range margins
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Data from: Candidate gene SNP variation in floodplain populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) near the species' southern range margin: weak differentiation yet distinct associations with water availability
<p>Populations residing near species' low-latitude range margins (LLM) often occur in warmer and drier environments than those in the core range. Thus, their genetic composition could be shaped by climatic drivers that differ from those occurring at higher latitudes, resulting in potentially adaptive variants of conservation value. Such variants could facilitate the adaptation of populations from other portions of the geographic range to similar future conditions anticipated under ongoing climate change. However, very few studies have assessed standing genetic variation at potentially adaptive loci in natural LLM populations. We investigated standing genetic variation at SNPs located within 117 candidate genes and its links to putative climatic selection pressures across 19 pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) populations distributed along a regional climatic gradient near the species' southern range margin in southeastern Europe. These populations are restricted to floodplain forests along large lowland rivers, whose hydric regime is undergoing significant shifts under modern rapid climate change. The populations showed very weak geographic structure, suggesting extensive genetic connectivity and gene flow or shared ancestry. We identified eight (6.2%) positive FST-outlier loci, and genotype-environment association analyses revealed consistent associations between SNP allele frequencies and several climatic variables linked to water availability. A total of 61 associations involving 37 SNPs (28.5%) from 35 annotated genes provided important insights into putative functional mechanisms in our system. Our findings provide empirical support for the role of LLM populations as sources of potentially adaptive variation that could enhance species' resilience to climate change-related pressures.</p>
FIGURE 10 in The Pannonian Basin System northern margin paleogeography, climate, and depositional environments in the time range during MMCT (Central Paratethys, Novohrad-Nógrád Basin, Slovakia)
FIGURE 10. Polpal outcome chart – climate and ecology.
Warm range margin of boreal bryophytes and lichens not directly limited by temperatures
<p>1. Species at their warm range margin are potentially threatened by higher temperatures, but may persist in microrefugia. Whether such microsites occur due to more suitable microclimate or due to lower biotic pressure from e.g. competitive species, is still not fully resolved.</p> <p>2. We examined whether boreal bryophytes and lichens show signs of direct climate limitation, i.e. whether they perform better in cold and/or humid microclimates at their warm range margin. We transplanted a moss, a liverwort, and a lichen to 58 boreal forest sites with different microclimates at the species' southern range margin in central Sweden. Species were grown in garden soil patches to control effects of competitive exclusion and soil quality. We followed the transplanted species over three growing seasons (2016-2018) and modelled growth and vitality for each species as a function of sub-canopy temperature, soil moisture, air humidity, and forest type. In 2018, we also recorded cover of other plants having re-colonized the garden soil patches and modelled this potential future competition with the same environmental variables plus litter.</p> <p>3. Species performance increased with warmer temperatures, which was often conditional on high soil moisture, and at sites with more conifers. Soil moisture had a positive effect, especially on the moss in the last year 2018, when the growing season was exceptionally hot and dry. The lichen was mostly affected by gastropod grazing. Recolonization of other plants was also faster at warmer and moister sites. The results indicate that competition, herbivory, shading leaf litter, and water scarcity might be more important than direct temperature for performance at the species' warm range margin.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. In a transplant experiment with three boreal understory species we did not find signs of direct temperature limitation towards the south. Forest microrefugia, i.e. habitats where these species could persist regional warming, may instead be sites with fewer competitors and enemies, and with sufficient moisture and more conifers in the overstory.</p>
Data from: Candidate gene SNP variation in floodplain populations of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) near the species' southern range margin: weak differentiation yet distinct associations with water availability
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Data from: Biotic interactions contribute to the geographic range limit of an annual plant: herbivory and phenology mediate fitness beyond a range margin
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Using high-density SNP genotyping to determine the origin of wild boar dispersers outside the geographic range margins in Norway
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Temperature-driven density gradients of two congeneric felids reveal contrasting responses to climate change at a range margin
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Warm range margin of boreal bryophytes and lichens not directly limited by temperatures
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Drought sensitivity of Empetrum nigrum shrub growth at the species' southern lowland distribution range margin
<p>The ongoing warming of the Earth's atmosphere is projected to cause a northward shift of species' distributions, as they track their climatic optimum. In the rapidly warming Arctic, this has already led to an increase of shrubs in tundra ecosystems. While this northern expansion of woody biomass has been studied relatively extensively over the last decade, little research has been devoted to shrub growth responses at the southern margins of Northern Hemisphere shrubs.</p> <p>Here, we studied shoot length growth, its responses to climate over the period 2010-2017, and differences in leaf C and N content of the evergreen dwarf shrub <i>Empetrum nigrum</i>, as well as the vegetation composition and soil parameters at four sites located along a gradient of increasing dune age on the island Spiekeroog, northern Germany. The sites are located in the tri-national UNESCO world heritage site, the Wadden Sea. <i>E. nigrum</i> has a predominantly circum-arctic-boreal distribution and its southern distribution mbargin in European lowlands runs through northern Germany, where it is retreating northwards.</p> <p>We found a negative response to autumn (surface) temperatures and previous summer surface temperatures and/or a positive response to summer precipitation of <i>E. nigrum</i> growth, except at the oldest dune with the strongest <i>E. nigrum</i> dominance. Growth rates and plant species diversity declined with dune age. Our results suggest that <i>E. nigrum</i> growth is drought sensitive at its European southern range margin. We hypothesize that this sensitivity may form the basis for its northward retreat, which is supported by recent observations of <i>E. nigrum</i> dieback in Germany after the extreme drought in 2018 and model projections.</p>
Data from: Landscape resistance and habitat combine to provide an optimal model of genetic structure and connectivity at the range margin of a small mammal
We evaluated the effect of habitat and landscape characteristics on the population genetic structure of the white-footed mouse. We develop a new approach that uses numerical optimization to define a model that combines site differences and landscape resistance to explain the genetic differentiation between mouse populations inhabiting forest patches in southern Québec. We used ecological distance computed from resistance surfaces with Circuitscape to infer the effect of the landscape matrix on gene flow. We calculated site differences using a site index of habitat characteristics. A model that combined site differences and resistance distances explained a high proportion of the variance in genetic differentiation and outperformed models that used geographical distance alone. Urban and agriculture related land uses were, respectively, the most and the least resistant landscape features influencing gene flow. Our method detected the effect of rivers and highways as highly resistant linear barriers. The density of grass and shrubs on the ground best explained the variation in the site index of habitat characteristics. Our model indicates that movement of white-footed mouse in this region is constrained along routes of low resistance. Our approach can generate models that may improve predictions of future northward range expansion of this small mammal.
Data from: Unusually limited pollen dispersal and connectivity of Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) refugial populations at the species' southern range margin
Low-latitudinal range margins of temperate and boreal plant species typically consist of scattered populations that persist locally in microrefugia. It remains poorly understood how their refugial habitats affect patterns of gene flow and connectivity, key components for their long-term viability and evolution. We examine landscape-scale patterns of historical and contemporary gene flow in refugial populations of the widespread European forest tree Pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) at the species' southwestern range margin. We sampled all adult trees (n = 135) growing in a 20 km long valley and genotyped 724 acorns from 72 mother trees at 17 microsatellite loci. The ten oak stands that we identified were highly differentiated and formed four distinct genetic clusters, despite sporadic historical dispersal being detectable. By far most contemporary pollination occurred within stands, either between local mates (85.6%) or through selfing (6.8%). Pollen exchange between stands (2.6%) was remarkably rare given their relative proximity and was complemented by long-distance pollen immigration (4.4%) and hybridization with the locally abundant Quercus pyrenaica (0.6%). The frequency of between-stand mating events decreased with increasing size and spatial isolation of stands. Overall, our results reveal outstandingly little long-distance gene flow for a wind-pollinated tree species. We argue that the distinct landscape characteristics of oaks' refugial habitats, with a combination of a rugged topography, dense vegetation and humid microclimate, are likely to increase plant survival but to hamper effective long-distance pollen dispersal. Moreover, local mating might be favoured by high tree compatibility resulting from genetic purging in these long-term relict populations.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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