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47 results for “reciprocal transplants”
Reciprocal Transplant Experiment in a Coastal Forest, Nassawadox, VA
In the Mid-Atlantic region, accelerated sea-level rise is provoking rapid shifts in many coastal areas. As salt water intrusion occurs, tidal wetland species are colonizing space opened up by upland dieback and can even invade coastal forest understory prior to said dieback. One such species is the high marsh grass Spartina patens, which is known to exhibit divergent growth forms under the differing conditions of marsh, dune, and swale habitats. It is now colonizing the understory of coastal pine forests experiencing salt water intrusion. I established plots at three sites on the Delmarva peninsula in adjacent marsh and forest areas and conducted a reciprocal transplant experiment to address the following questions: a) How do environmental conditions for S. patens differ between marsh and forest habitats? b) How do S. patens traits differ between these habitats and are these differences a product of plasticity? Our results showed lower salinity and light availability in the forest which corresponded to greater height and leaf area of S. patens plants. Though some traits showed an effect of their habitat of origin, many functional traits exhibited strong phenotypic plasticity in response to environment. This plasticity may prove crucial to the species' resilience to future change.
Mass per tiller, nitrogen concentration, stable isotope ratios for carbon and nitrogen from the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment along a latitudinal gradient in interior Alaska collected in July, 2011
In 1980-1982, six transplant gardens were established along a latitudinal gradient in interior Alaska from Eagle Creek, AK in the south to Prudhoe Bay, AK in the north. Three sites, Toolik Lake (TL), Sagwon (SAG), and Prudhoe Bay (PB) are north of the continental divide and the remaining three, Eagle Creek (EC), No Name Creek (NN), and Coldfoot (CF), are south of the continental divide. Each garden consisted of 10 individual Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks transplanted back to their home-site, as well as 10 individuals from each of the other transplant sites. The gardens were harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, mass per tiller, nitrogen concentration, and stable isotope ratios for Carbon and Nitrogen.
Light-saturated photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, stomatal conductance and ratio of internal to external carbon dioxide concentration from the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant plots from Eagle Creek to Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, 2010
In 1980-1982, six transplant gardens were established along a latitudinal gradient in interior Alaska from Eagle Creek, AK, in the south to Prudhoe Bay, AK, in the north (Shaver et al. 1986) .Three sites, Toolik Lake (TL), Sagwon (SAG), and Prudhoe Bay (PB) are north of the continental divide and the remaining three, Eagle Creek (EC), No Name Creek (NN), and Coldfoot (CF), are south of the continental divide. Each garden consisted of 10 individual tussocks transplanted back to their home-site, as well as 10 individuals from each of the other transplant sites. Data were collected in July 2010 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and then harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, light-saturated photosynthetic rate, dark respiration, stomatal conductance and ratio of internal to external carbon dioxide concentration.
Carbon dioxide response curve, dark respiration, specific leaf area, and leaf nitrogen data for the 2014 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant gardens at Toolik Lake and Sagwon, AK, collected in 2016.
Transplant gardens at Toolik Lake and Sagwon were established in 2014. At each location, 60 tussocks each from ecotypes of Eriophorum vaginatum from Coldfoot (CF, 67°15′32″N, 150°10′12″W), Toolik Lake (TL, 68°37′44″N, 149°35′0″W), and Sagwon (SAG, 69°25′26″N, 148°42′49″W) were transplanted. Half the transplanted tussocks were grown under ambient conditions, while the other half were exposed to passive warming supplied by open-top chambers (OTC). Data were collected in late June through July 2016 include carbon dioxide response curve data, dark respiration, specific leaf area, and leaf nitrogen content.
Litter decomposition from 2014 reciprocal transplant garden Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon, Alaska 2016
Data on litter decomposition of Eriophorum vaginatum leaves collected at Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon and distributed to all three sites. Litter bags from the three populations were deployed at CF (8/26/15), TL (8/24/16) and SG (8/25/16) sites approximately 40 meter away from the main transplant gardens (east of CF, east of TL and west of SG) into 5 blocks with 4 intended harvests at each plots.
Quantum yield of Photosystem II of Eriophorum vaginatum leaves in the reciprocal transplant gardens at Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon- Alaska in 2016
Quantum yield of Photosystem II estimated from chlorophyll fluorescence of Eriophorum vaginatum leaves from tussocks in the reciprocal transplant gardons at Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon in 2016. A single transplant tussock per plot was repeatedly measured through the season.
Absorbed soil nutrients on ion exchange membranes in the reciprocal transplant gardens at Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon in 2016
Transplant gardens at Toolik Lake and Sagwon were established in 2014. At each location, 60 tussocks each from ecotypes of Eriophorum vaginatum from Coldfoot (CF, 67°15′32″N, 150°10′12″W), Toolik Lake (TL, 68°37′44″N, 149°35′0″W), and Sagwon (SG, 69°25′26″N, 148°42′49″W) were transplanted. At the reciprocal transplant gardens, ion exchange membranes were used to measure nutrient availability over two time periods: Early season (June) and mid season (July). Membranes were deployed in the field for either 20 or 21 days, depending on travel constraints.
Air and soil temperature in warmed and control plots of 2014 reciprocal transplant gardens Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon, Alaska 2015 and 2016
Air and soil temperatures from iButtons located at reciprocal transplant gardens at Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon in 2015 and 2016. The reciprocal transplant gardens at Coldfoot (CF), Toolik Lake (TL), Sagwon (SG) Each plot contains three tussocks, 30-50 centimeters apart
Reciprocal transplant of mosses from Arctic tundra to alpine tundra and associated N2 fixation rates
In the summer of 2018, 12 cores were taken at Toolik Field Station. Six of those cores were retransplanted into their home environment, while six we transplanted to Eight Mile Lake. At Eight Mile Lake, the same procedure was followed. One year later, these transplants were revisited and associated N2 fixation rates were measured for Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium scheberi and Aulacomnium turgidum using 15N2 gas incubations.
Tiller size measured on intact shoots in 1983 for the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment
These data were collected in August 1983 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, the number of green leaves, and the length of the longest leaf.
Tiller size measured on intact shoots in 1993 for the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment
These data were collected in July 1993 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, the number of green leaves, and the length of the longest leaf.
Tiller size measured on intact shoots in 2010 for the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment
These data were collected in July 2010 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, the number of old leaves, the number of new leaves, and the length of the longest two leaves.
Tussock survival from 1980 through 2010 for the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment
These data were collected in July 2010 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, and whether the tussocks were alive in 1983,1993,2009, and 2010.
Somatal length and density in 2010 for the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment
These data were collected in July 2010 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, length and density of stomata, and the temperature of tussocks.
Temperature response of dark respiration from the 1980-82 Eriophorum vaginatum reciprocal transplant experiment along Dalton Highway, Alaska.
These data were collected in July 2011 for tussocks transplanted in 1980-82 in a reciprocal transplant experiment and harvested in 2011. Important variables are garden name, source population, and dark respiration.
Normalized difference vegetation index and Leaf area index of tussocks from reciprocal transplant gardens at Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon, Alaska 2016
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and Leaf area index (LAI) data from tussocks in the reciprocal transplant gardens at Toolik Lake, Coldfoot, and Sagwon in 2016.
Data from: Reciprocal transplants reveal asymmetric local adaptation of Himalayan Rhododendron approaching elevational range limit
<p>As plant species expand their upper limit of distribution under current warming, some retain both traditional climate space and biotic environment while others encounter novel conditions. The latter is the case for <em>Rhododendron campanulatum</em>,a woody shrub that grows both above and below treeline at our study site in the Eastern Himalaya where a very conspicuous, stable treeline was defined by a nearly contiguous canopy of tall <em>Abies spectabilis</em> trees, many of them over a century old. Prior work showed that treeline had remained static in this region while<em> R. campanulatum</em> expanded its elevational range limit. We tested local adaptation of<em> R. campanulatum</em> by performing reciprocal transplants between the species' current elevational range limit (4023masl) and just above treeline (3876 masl). Contrary to expectation, the coldest temperatures of late winter and early-mid spring were experienced by plants at the lower elevation: <em>R. campanulatum</em> at species' limit (upper site) were covered by snow for a longer period (40 more days) and escaped the coldest temperatures suffered by conspecifics at treeline (lower site). The harsher spring conditions at treeline likely explains why leaves were smaller at treeline (15.3 cm<sup>2</sup>) than at species-limit (21.3 cm<sup>2</sup>). Contrary to results from equivalent studies in other regions, survival was reduced more by downslope than by upslope movement, again potentially due to extreme cold temperatures observed at treeline in spring. Upslope transplantation had no effect on mortality, but mortality of species-limit saplings transplanted downslope was three times higher than that of residents at both sites. A general expectation is that locals should survive better than foreign transplants, but survival of locals and immigrants at our species-limit site was identical. However, those species-limit saplings that survive the transplant to treeline grew faster than both locals at treeline and the transplants at species-limit. Overall, we found asymmetric adaptation: compared to treeline saplings, those at species-limit (147 m above treeline) were more tolerant of extremes in the growing season but less tolerant of extremes in winter and early-mid spring, displaying local adaptation in a more complex manner than simply home advantage, and complicating predictions about impacts of future regional climate change.</p>
Data from: Reciprocal transplants reveal asymmetric local adaptation of Himalayan Rhododendron approaching elevational range limit
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Disentangling the effects of methanogen community and environment on peatland greenhouse gas production by a reciprocal transplant experiment
<p>1. Northern peatlands consist of a mosaic of peatland types that vary spatially and temporally and differ in their methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) production. Microbial community composition and environment both potentially control the processes that release carbon from anoxic peat either as CH<sub>4</sub> or carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), a less potent greenhouse gas than CH<sub>4</sub>. However, the respective roles of these controls remain unclear, which prevents incorporating microbes in the predictions of peatland CH<sub>4</sub> emissions.</p> <p>2. Here, a reciprocal transplant experiment was carried out to separate the influences of microbial community and environment in CH<sub>4</sub> and anaerobic CO<sub>2</sub> production. Peat from an acidic <i>Sphagnum</i> bog and a sedge fen with higher pH was enclosed in membrane bags with a pore size of 0.2 µm, preventing microbial colonization from the outside, and transplanted in the field for two months.</p> <p>3. Potential CH<sub>4</sub> production was primarily controlled by the environment. The conditions in the bog suppressed the initially higher activity of fen methanogens and reduced CH<sub>4</sub> production by 79%. Against expectations, the inhibition was not specific to acetate-using Methanotrichaceae. Reciprocal transplantation favoured Methanosarcinaceae and potentially methylotrophic methanogenesis in general. Bog methanogens, mostly hydrogenotrophic Methanoregulaceae, retained their community structure and activity in the fen with a slight increase (+37%) in CH<sub>4</sub> production.</p> <p>4. Anaerobic CO<sub>2</sub> production was controlled by both the microbial community and the environment. Transplantation led to increased CO<sub>2</sub> production in both bog (+50%) and fen peat (+57%) with distinct bacterial community, showing that the new environment directed more carbon to other anaerobic processes than methanogenesis. 5. Taken together, these results relate differences in CH<sub>4</sub> production of bogs and fens to ecophysiology of specific methanogen groups. The sensitiveness of fen methanogens to the acidic conditions in <i>Sphagnum</i> bogs can help explain the decrease of CH<sub>4</sub> emission in the typical boreal peatland succession from young fens to older bogs. Increase in anaerobic CO<sub>2</sub> vs. CH<sub>4</sub> production with transplantation shows that disturbances of boreal peatlands can activate poorly defined pathways of anaerobic decomposition.</p>
Demonstration of local adaptation in maize landraces by reciprocal transplantation
<p><span><span>Populations are locally adapted when they exhibit higher fitness than foreign populations in their native habitat. Maize landrace adaptations to highland and lowland conditions are of interest to researchers and breeders. To determine the prevalence and strength of local adaptation in maize landraces, we performed a reciprocal transplant experiment across an elevational gradient in Mexico. We grew 120 landraces, grouped into four populations (Mexican Highland, Mexican Lowland, South American Highland, South American Lowland), in Mexican highland and lowland common gardens and collected phenotypes relevant to fitness and known highland-adaptive traits such as anthocyanin pigmentation and macrohair density. 67k DArTseq markers were generated from field specimens to allow comparison between phenotypic patterns and population genetic structure.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>We found phenotypic patterns consistent with local adaptation, though these patterns differ between the Mexican and South American populations. Quantitative trait differentiation (Q<sub>ST</sub>) was greater than neutral allele frequency differentiation (F<sub>ST</sub>) for many traits, signaling directional selection between pairs of populations. All populations exhibited higher fitness metric values when grown at their native elevation, and Mexican landraces had higher fitness than South American landraces when grown in these Mexican sites. As environmental distance between landraces' native collection sites and common garden sites increased, fitness values dropped, suggesting landraces are adapted to environmental conditions at their natal sites. Correlations between fitness and anthocyanin pigmentation and macrohair traits are stronger in the highland site than the lowland site, supporting their status as highland-adaptive. These results give substance to the long-held presumption of local adaptation of New World maize landraces to elevation and other environmental variables across North and South America.</span></span></p>
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