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27 results for “red flowers”
Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g).
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b).
Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c).
Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b).
Unravelling the mystery of red flowers in the Mediterranean Basin: How to be conspicuous in a place dominated by hymenopteran pollinators
<p>Red-flowered species have traditionally been related to ornithophily, and the 'bee avoidance' hypothesis, i.e. red flower coloration is a way to reduce visits from hymenopterans, has been proposed to explain this association. In the Mediterranean Basin, ornithophily is almost absent, and hymenopterans are the most common group of pollinators. The fact that hymenopterans are virtually red-blind raises the question of how red-flowered species are pollinated in this region. Are these flowers pollinated by other groups of red-sensitive insects such as lepidopterans and coleopterans, or do they have visual cues that make them attractive to hymenopterans? We examined the reflectance spectra of 51 red-flowered species from the Mediterranean Basin and modelled these spectra in the visual system of hymenopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, and lepidopterans to obtain colour and conspicuousness. According to their reflectance curves, species were classified as pure red and UV-red flowers, and the presence of more than one flower colour (patterned flowers) was studied. We evaluated the match between flower reflectance spectra and the maximum discrimination abilities of hymenopteran and lepidopteran visual system. All these metrics were analysed in a phylogenetically explicit framework, and a literature review of potential pollinators was performed. The vast majority of red-flowered species in the Mediterranean Basin are potentially pollinated by hymenopterans, and only three species are exclusively visited by coleopterans. We found that 90% of these species showed at least one colour signal strategy that helps to enhance conspicuousness to hymenopterans: to produce UV-red flower type spectra and/or patterned flowers. The UV-red colour showed a significant phylogenetic signal, but the presence of patterned flowers did not. Even though the red-flowered species of the Mediterranean Basin did not optimally match the colour vision of hymenopterans or lepidopterans, the presence of patterned and UV-red colours suggests an improvement in detection and discrimination by hymenopterans. The bee-avoidance hypothesis seems to be ruled out for the red-flowered species of the Mediterranean Basin. Our results suggest that red-flowered species are mostly pollinated by hymenopterans and show different flower colour signal strategies that can be interpreted as signs of adaptation to these pollinators.</p>
Red fruits exhibit lower colour diversity than red flowers as perceived by birds
<ol> <li>Pollination and seed dispersal are crucial processes for plant reproduction, sharing ecological relevance and similarities, yet they have rarely been considered together. Flowers appear to express greater phenotypic diversity than fruits due to multiple confounding factors, which pose challenges for comparative analyses. The colours of flowers and fruits are important visual signal traits in pollination and seed dispersal, evolving under different selective pressures from their respective pollinators and seed dispersers. Birds constitute a unique plant-interacting group that participates in both pollination and seed dispersal events. In this study, we focus on red flowers and red fruits associated with avian mutualists to gain insight into the intrinsic differences between flowers/pollination and fruits/seed dispersal.</li> <li>We conducted comparisons of colouration between 94 red flowers pollinated by birds and 99 red fruits dispersed by birds. The colour diversity was compared in both the spectral space and the avian colour vision spaces. Colour conspicuousness was analyzed using avian colour vision models, as well as bee models. Pigeon colour preference was tested by controlled experiments utilizing red stimuli with and without secondary peaks at short wavelengths.</li> <li>Red fruits had lower colour diversity than red flowers, with redder hues and fewer secondary reflectance peaks. Avian colour vision models illustrated that fruits were more conspicuous than flowers achromatically, but not chromatically. Pigeons did not show preference for red with or without a secondary peak.</li> <li>Although both are red, there are significant differences between flowers and fruits in terms of colour diversity, spectral properties and colour perceptions. As we exclusively considered avian mutualists, these differences cannot be attributed to the differences in interacting animal groups or to their colour vision properties. This implies that the differences in evolutionary history between flowers and fruits may deserve further attention to understand the colour evolution.</li> </ol>
Unravelling the mystery of red flowers in the Mediterranean Basin: How to be conspicuous in a place dominated by hymenopteran pollinators
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Red fruits exhibit lower colour diversity than red flowers as perceived by birds
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Data from: Shades of red: bird-pollinated flowers target the specific colour discrimination abilities of avian vision
Colour signals are a major cue in putative pollination syndromes. There is evidence that the reflectance spectra of many flowers target the distinctive visual discrimination abilities of hymenopteran insects, but far less is known about bird-pollinated flowers. Birds are hypothesized to exert different selective pressures on floral colour compared with hymenopterans because of differences in their visual systems. We measured the floral reflectance spectra of 206 Australian angiosperm species whose floral visitors are known from direct observation rather than inferred from floral characteristics. We quantified the match between these spectra and the hue discrimination abilities of hymenopteran and avian vision, and analysed these metrics in a phylogenetically informed comparison of flowers in different pollination groups. We show that bird-visited flowers and insect-visited flowers differ significantly from each other in the chromatic cues they provide, and that the differences are concentrated near wavelengths of optimal colour discrimination by whichever class of pollinator visits the flowers. Our results indicate that angiosperms have evolved the spectral signals most likely to reinforce their pollinators' floral constancy (the tendency of individual pollinators to visit flowers of the same species) in communities of similarly coloured floral competitors.
Data from: Roses are red, violets are blue - so how much replication should you do? An assessment of variation in the colour of flowers and birds
After years of qualitative and subjective study, quantitative colour science is now enabling rapid measurement, analysis and comparison of colour traits. However, it has not been determined how many replicates one needs to accurately quantify a species' colours for studies aimed at broad cross-species trait comparison. We address this major methodological knowledge gap. We first quantified and assessed the variance in colour within and between species. Reflectance spectra of flowers from ten plant species and plumage of 20 bird species were measured using a spectrometer, and reflectance (i.e. brightness) and tetrahedral colour-space coordinates were calculated. analysis of variance (ANOVA) analyses indicate that there is far more variation in the colours of birds and flowers between species (> 77%) than within species. A Mean Absolute Deviation from the Mean test was applied to indicate the sampling replication required for each species. Tetrahedral coordinates were sampled precisely with only one individual per species. Greater replication was needed to sample reflectance with the desired precision, particularly for darker coloured species. Our findings will allow researchers to allocate their sampling effort in a way that maximises the precision of their colour data collection. The fact that only a few replicates per species are necessary will greatly facilitate broad cross-species comparisons of colour in the future.
FIGURE. Images of representative members of tribe Phyllantheae. (A) Flowers of Nellica maderaspatensis. (B) Pistillate flowers of Cathetus gracilis, note the unique disc covering the ovary. (C) Pistillate and staminate flowers of Cathetus glaucophyllus. (D) Staminate flowers of Nymphanthus glaucescens. (E) Fruits of Kirganelia muelleriana. (F) Fruits of Lysiandra subcrenulata. (G) Phylloclade with flowers of Phyllanthus angustifolius. (H) Flowering branchlet of Phyllanthus incrustatus, note the ornamentation on the axes. (I) Habit of Moeroris tenella. (J) Fruiting branch of Dendrophyllanthus tenuirhachis. (K) Fruits of Cicca profusa. (L) Fruiting branch of Emblica officinalis. (M) Flowering plant of Emblica urinaria. (N) Pistillate flower of Breynia disticha. (O) Staminate flower of Breynia disticha. (P) flower of Glochidion dunnianum. (Q) Staminate of Glochidion lanceolarium. (R) Dehisced capsule of Glochidion sp. showing seeds covered with a red sarcotesta. Photos: A & F by J.J. Bruhl; B & P by M.S. Nuraliev; C by T. Williams; E & K by C. Jongkind; H by B. Falcón; J by R.-Y. Yu; D, G, I, L, M, N, O, Q & R by R.W.Bouman. in A revised phylogenetic classification of tribe Phyllantheae (Phyllanthaceae)
FIGURE. Images of representative members of tribe Phyllantheae. (A) Flowers of Nellica maderaspatensis. (B) Pistillate flowers of Cathetus gracilis, note the unique disc covering the ovary. (C) Pistillate and staminate flowers of Cathetus glaucophyllus. (D) Staminate flowers of Nymphanthus glaucescens. (E) Fruits of Kirganelia muelleriana. (F) Fruits of Lysiandra subcrenulata. (G) Phylloclade with flowers of Phyllanthus angustifolius. (H) Flowering branchlet of Phyllanthus incrustatus, note the ornamentation on the axes. (I) Habit of Moeroris tenella. (J) Fruiting branch of Dendrophyllanthus tenuirhachis. (K) Fruits of Cicca profusa. (L) Fruiting branch of Emblica officinalis. (M) Flowering plant of Emblica urinaria. (N) Pistillate flower of Breynia disticha. (O) Staminate flower of Breynia disticha. (P) flower of Glochidion dunnianum. (Q) Staminate of Glochidion lanceolarium. (R) Dehisced capsule of Glochidion sp. showing seeds covered with a red sarcotesta. Photos: A & F by J.J. Bruhl; B & P by M.S. Nuraliev; C by T. Williams; E & K by C. Jongkind; H by B. Falcón; J by R.-Y. Yu; D, G, I, L, M, N, O, Q & R by R.W.Bouman.
FIGURE 2. Vanilla cardinalis. A. Flowering plant. B in Vanilla cardinalis (Orchidaceae, Vanilloideae), a new red-lipped species from southern Vietnam
FIGURE 2. Vanilla cardinalis. A. Flowering plant. B. Apical portion of inflorescence with flower, side view. C. Flower, half side view. D. Flattened sepals, petals, lip and column. E. Flattened lip, adaxial, abaxial and side view. F. Central callus, side view. G. Column, front, half side, and side views. H. Anther cap and pollinarium. I. Pollinarium. Drawn by L. Averyanov and T. Maisak from Popov, s.n., Kuznetsova, Kuznetsov, s.n., and Nuraliev, Lyskov, NUR 3151.
FIGURE. Drosera hirtella (a–i): a, b, c, habit of the "type morphotype"; d, habit of the "western morphotype"; e, rosette of the "type morphotype"; f, emerging inflorescence, highlighting the red scape with red eglandular trichomes characteristic of the species; g, fertile individuals of D. hirtella (left plant, with inflorescence emerging to the bottom) and D. lutescens (right plant, with inflorescence emerging to the top left) growing under shaded conditions side by side, highlighting the morphological differences between the two species regarding leaf shape and scape and indumentum color; h, i, flower. a–c, f and h at Serra do Cipó, MG; d and h at Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO; e at Diamantina, MG; g at Cristalina, GO. Photo credits: all by PMG. in A synopsis of the genus Drosera (Droseraceae) in Brazil
FIGURE. Drosera hirtella (a–i): a, b, c, habit of the "type morphotype"; d, habit of the "western morphotype"; e, rosette of the "type morphotype"; f, emerging inflorescence, highlighting the red scape with red eglandular trichomes characteristic of the species; g, fertile individuals of D. hirtella (left plant, with inflorescence emerging to the bottom) and D. lutescens (right plant, with inflorescence emerging to the top left) growing under shaded conditions side by side, highlighting the morphological differences between the two species regarding leaf shape and scape and indumentum color; h, i, flower. a–c, f and h at Serra do Cipó, MG; d and h at Chapada dos Veadeiros, GO; e at Diamantina, MG; g at Cristalina, GO. Photo credits: all by PMG.
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).
FIGURE 2. Ottelia guanyangensis. A. Plant habitat. B. Plant habit and flowering plant. C. Bisexual flower with red brown sepal. D. flower individual. E in Ottelia guanyangensis (Hydrocharitaceae), a new species from southwestern China
FIGURE 2. Ottelia guanyangensis. A. Plant habitat. B. Plant habit and flowering plant. C. Bisexual flower with red brown sepal. D. flower individual. E. Fruit: Hexagonal-cylindric with wings. F. Leaf: Triplinerved with obvious cross veins. G. Character of pollens by SEM.
Ancient hybridization leads to the repeated evolution of red flowers across a monkeyflower radiation
<p>The re-use of old genetic variation can promote rapid diversification in evolutionary radiations, but in most cases, the historical events underlying this divergence are not known. For example, ancient hybridization can generate new combinations of alleles that sort into descendant lineages, potentially providing the raw material to initiate divergence. In the <em>Mimulus</em> <em>aurantiacus</em> species complex, there is evidence for widespread gene flow among members of this radiation. In addition, allelic variation in the <em>MaMyb2</em> gene is responsible for differences in flower color between the closely related ecotypes of subspecies <em>puniceus</em>, contributing to reproductive isolation by pollinators. Previous work suggested that <em>MaMyb2</em> was introgressed into the red-flowered ecotype of <em>puniceus</em>. However, additional taxa within the radiation have independently evolved red flowers from their yellow-flowered ancestors, raising the possibility that this introgression had a more ancient origin. In this study, we used repeated tests of admixture from whole-genome sequence data across this diverse radiation to demonstrate that there has been both ancient and recurrent hybridization in this group. However, most of the signal of this ancient introgression has been removed due to selection, suggesting that widespread barriers to gene flow are in place between taxa. Yet, a roughly 30 kb region that contains the <em>MaMyb2</em> gene is currently shared only among the red-flowered taxa. Patterns of admixture, sequence divergence, and extended haplotype homozygosity across this region confirm a history of ancient hybridization, where functional variants have been preserved due to positive selection in red-flowered taxa but lost in their yellow-flowered counterparts. The results of this study reveal that selection against gene flow can reduce genomic signatures of ancient hybridization, but that historical introgression can provide essential genetic variation that facilitates the repeated evolution of phenotypic traits between lineages.</p>
Data from: De novo and reference transcriptome assembly of transcripts expressed during flowering provide insight into seed setting in tetraploid red clover
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Data from: Annual flower strips support pollinators and potentially enhance red clover seed yield
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Data from: Flower colour and visitation rates of Costus arabicus support the "bee avoidance" hypothesis for red-reflecting hummingbird-pollinated flowers
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Data from: Roses are red, violets are blue - so how much replication should you do? An assessment of variation in the colour of flowers and birds
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