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Fig. 2 in Variation In Reproductive Modes Of Allium Oleraceum, A. Scorodoprasum And A. Vineale In Field Collection
Fig. 2. Correlations between mean mass of an aerial bulbil and flower number per plant in four Allium scorodoprasum accessions (No. 315, 437, 447 and 604). Ellipses show a 95 % confidence area
Fig 1 in Determination of limited histotrophy as the reproductive mode in Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1939 (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae): analysis of intrauterine growth of embryos
Fig 1. Mean embryo total length and standard deviation as a function of the ordinal day of the year considering the two consecutive years (2006 and 2007) for Mustelus schmitti embryos. Dashed line represents the linear model adjusted to the individual data, continuous line is for the Gompertz model and the pointed line represents the Von Bertalanffy growth curve.
Fig 3 in Determination of limited histotrophy as the reproductive mode in Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1939 (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae): analysis of intrauterine growth of embryos
Fig 3. Relationship between total dry weight (g) (Mustelus schmitti embryos and its yolk sac) and time (ordinal days), along 2006 and 2007. The bottom and top of the box are the first and third quartiles, and the band inside is the median, the ends of the whiskers represent the range of the distribution. This graphic shows a clear increase in mass that has been associated with matrotrophy.
Fig 2 in Determination of limited histotrophy as the reproductive mode in Mustelus schmitti Springer, 1939 (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae): analysis of intrauterine growth of embryos
Fig 2. Mean yolk mass and standard deviation as a function of the ordinal day of the year considering the two consecutive years (2006 and 2007) for Mustelus schmitti embryos. Using the same y axis values the continuous line represents the logistic curve adjusted for presence/absence of yolk sac, the probability of an embryo having external yolk sac is given by Yt=1/(1+e(-13.749 + 0.072*t)) for 2006 and Yt=1/(1+e(-10.472 + 0.054*t)) for 2007.
Fig. 3 in Diversification rates in Tardigrada indicate a decreasing tempo of lineage splitting regardless of reproductive mode
Fig. 3 The negative relation between values of γ statistics and the number of entities based on which they were calculated. Circles indicate Tardigrada; triangles indicate Rotifera; black indicates asexual reproduction; white indicates sexual reproduction
Fig. 2 in Diversification rates in Tardigrada indicate a decreasing tempo of lineage splitting regardless of reproductive mode
Fig. 2 Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions for three distinct evolutionary lineages of Tardigrada with respective lineage-through-time plots. The trees were calculated based on the reduced datasets with singular sequence representing a given species/entity delimited in this study with multiple DNA taxonomy approaches (see the "Mate-
Fig. 5 in Evidence for cryptic diversity in the Neotropical water snake, Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dipsadidae, Hydropsini), with comments on its ecology, facultative reproductive mode, and conservation
Fig. 5. Illustration of the holotype of Coluber surinamensis Shaw. From Sebae (1735, Vol. 2, pl. 59, Fig. 2).
Fig. 3 in Evidence for cryptic diversity in the Neotropical water snake, Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dipsadidae, Hydropsini), with comments on its ecology, facultative reproductive mode, and conservation
Fig. 3. Best Maximum Likelihood tree based on the data set of concatenated 12S and 16S rDNA, and c-mos sequences. The red clade depicts the Helicops angulatus group. On the left and right sides of a slash (/) are values indicated at nodes for Maximum Likelihood bootstraps (> 75%) and Bayesian Posterior probability values (> 95%), respectively. Green clades represent the paraphyly of Helicops angulatus. The name Helicops pictiventris is currently a junior synonym of H. infrataeniatus, but it appears in the tree exactly as the pertinent sequences appear in the GenBank dataset.
Fig. 1 in Evidence for cryptic diversity in the Neotropical water snake, Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Dipsadidae, Hydropsini), with comments on its ecology, facultative reproductive mode, and conservation
Fig. 1. The distribution of Helicops angulatus in the Neotropics. Locality data is from the VertNet and GBIF databases, as well as the literature. Diamonds (green oviparous, yellow viviparous): specimens reported in Appendix B of Braz et al. (2016); red stars represent localities where Helicops was sampled for DNA; small black markers: localities from Helicops angulatus map in Nogueira et al. (2019). As currently defined Helicops angulatus occurs in Freshwater Ecoregions: 301 North Andean Pacific Slopes, Rio Atrato; 302 Magdalena, Sinu; 304 South America Caribbean Drainages, Trinidad; 307 Orinoco Llanos; 308 Orinoco Guiana Shield; 311 Guianas; 313 Western Amazon Piedmont; 317 Ucayali, Urubamba Piedmont; 318 Mamore, Madre de Dios Piedmont; 319 Guapore, Itenez; 320 Tapajos, Juruena; 321 Madeira Brazilian Shield; 323 Amazonas Estuary and Coastal Drainages; 324 Tocantins, Araguaia; 325 Parnaiba; and 328 Northeastern Mata Atlantica.
Data from: Difference in reproductive mode rather than ploidy explains niche differentiation in sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula
Apomicts tend to have larger geographical distributional ranges and to occur in ecologically more extreme environments than their sexual progenitors. However, the expression of apomixis is typically linked to polyploidy. Thus, it is a priori not clear whether intrinsic effects related to the change in the reproductive mode or rather in the ploidy drive ecological differentiation. We used sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula to test for ecological differentiation. To distinguish the effects of reproductive mode and ploidy on the ecology of cytotypes, we compared the niches (i) of sexuals (tetraploids) and autopolyploid apomicts (penta-, hepta- and octoploids) and (ii) of the three apomictic cytotypes. We based comparisons on a ploidy screen of 238 populations along a latitudinal transect through the Eastern European Alps and associated bioclimatic, soil and topographic data. Sexual tetraploids preferred primary habitats at drier, steeper, more south-oriented slopes, while apomicts mostly occurred in human-made habitats with higher water availability. Contrariwise, we found no or only marginal ecological differentiation among the apomictic higher ploids. Based on the pronounced ecological differences found between sexuals and apomicts, in addition to the lack of niche differentiation among cytotypes of the same reproductive mode, we conclude that reproductive mode rather than ploidy is the main driver of the observed differences. Moreover, we compared our system with others from the literature, to stress the importance of identifying alternative confounding effects (such as hybrid origin). Finally, we underline the relevance of studying ecological parthenogenesis in sympatry, to minimise the effects of differential migration abilities
FIGURE 4 in Oviparity, viviparity or plasticity in reproductive mode of the olm Proteus anguinus: an epic misunderstanding caused by prey regurgitation?
FIGURE 4 Proteus anguinus larva (captive-bred from Tular Cave Laboratory, photograph by Gregor Aljančič) and Salamandra salamandra larva in comparison. Both larvae are about 3 cm in size. Note the difference in size and shape of the head and trunk length, but similarities in presence of eyes and pigmentation. PHOTOGRAPH OF proteus anguinus LARVA BY GREGOR ALJANČIČ AND salamandra salamandra LARVA BY JAMES BURGON
FIGURE 3 in Oviparity, viviparity or plasticity in reproductive mode of the olm Proteus anguinus: an epic misunderstanding caused by prey regurgitation?
FIGURE 3 Scanning electron micrographs of the olm's teeth marks on regurgitated salamander (Salamandra salamandra) larvae. Heads of all larvae are facing towards the left. A) Teeth marks (arrowheads) on the dorsal side of the head corresponding to the position of the olm's jaw and B) parallel teeth marks on the left side of the head above the gills (g) of the larvae shown in fig. 2A. C) Teeth marks on the anterior edge of laceration above the left gills (g) and D) above the right eye (e) of the head of the larva shown in fig. 2B and C. (Scale bars represents 500 µm).
FIGURE 1 in Oviparity, viviparity or plasticity in reproductive mode of the olm Proteus anguinus: an epic misunderstanding caused by prey regurgitation?
FIGURE 1 Image of an olm (Proteus anguinus) regurgitating a fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra) larva. A) Image of an olm (22.5 cm of total length), moments before B) it started to regurgitate a salamander larva (3.1 cm of total length). C) shows a close-up of the salamander head and the larva fully regurgitated, with D) showing details of the still alive salamander larva.
Data from: Difference in reproductive mode rather than ploidy explains niche differentiation in sympatric sexual and apomictic populations of Potentilla puberula
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Data from: Longevity, body dimension and reproductive mode drive differences in aquatic versus terrestrial life history strategies
<p>1. Aquatic and terrestrial environments display stark differences in key environmental factors and phylogenetic composition but their consequences for the evolution of species' life history strategies remain poorly understood.</p> <p>2. Here, we examine whether and how life history strategies vary between terrestrial and aquatic species. We use demographic information for 685 terrestrial and 122 aquatic animal and plant species to estimate key life history traits. We then use phylogenetically corrected least squares regression to explore potential differences in trade-offs between life history traits between both environments. We contrast life history strategies of aquatic vs. terrestrial species in a principal component analysis while accounting for body dimensions and phylogenetic relationships.</p> <p>3. Our results show that the same trade-offs structure terrestrial and aquatic life histories, resulting in two dominant axes of variation that describe species' pace-of-life and reproductive strategies. Terrestrial plants display a large diversity of strategies, including the longest-lived species in this study. Aquatic animals exhibit higher reproductive frequency than terrestrial animals. When correcting for body size, mobile and sessile terrestrial organisms show slower paces of life than aquatic ones.</p> <p>4. Aquatic and terrestrial species are ruled by the same life history trade-offs, but have evolved different strategies, likely due to distinct environmental selective pressures. Such contrasting life history strategies have important consequences for the conservation and management of aquatic and terrestrial species.</p>
Data from: Comparative phylogeography, genetic differentiation, and contrasting reproductive modes in three fungal symbionts of a multipartite bark beetle symbiosis
Multipartite symbioses are complex symbiotic relationships involving multiple interacting partners. These types of partnerships provide excellent opportunities in which to apply a comparative approach to identify common historical patterns of population differentiation and species-specific life history traits. Using three symbiotic blue stain fungal species (Ophiostomatacea) associated with outbreaking populations of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) in western Canada, we applied phylogenetic, population genetic, and demographic approaches to clarify phylogeographic patterns among the three fungal species. Broadly, the three species showed significant population differentiation, forming northern and southern populations, despite dramatic differences in haplotype diversity. Finer scale structuring and population demographic patterns were less consistent, showing some interspecific incongruence. By contrasting these species simultaneously, we were able to identify differences in recombination rate and ecological traits that can explain the observed patterns of incongruence among the fungal species. By applying a comparative approach to partners of a multipartite symbiosis we were able to distinguish congruent population structuring and species-specific differences that help us to understand the complexity and evolution of this symbiotic system.
Genetic basis for the evolution of pelvic-fin brooding, a new mode of reproduction, in a Sulawesian fish
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Modes of reproduction in animals are diverse, with different modes having evolved independently in multiple lineages across a variety of taxa. However, an understanding of the genomic change driving the transition between different modes of reproduction is limited. S</span><span>everal ricefishes</span><span> (Adrianichthyidae) on the island of Sulawesi have a unique mode of reproduction called "pelvic-fin brooding," wherein females </span><span>carry externally fertilized eggs until hatching using their pelvic fins.</span><span> Phylogenomic analysis demonstrated pelvic-fin brooders to have evolved at least twice in two distant clades of the Adrianichthyidae. We investigated the genetic architecture of the evolution of this unique mode of reproduction. Morphological analyses and laboratory observations revealed that females of pelvic-fin brooders have longer pelvic fins and a deeper abdominal concavity, and that they can carry an egg clutch for longer than non-brooding adrianichthyids, suggesting that these traits play important roles in this reproductive mode. Quantitative trait locus </span><span>mapping using a cross between a pelvic-fin brooder</span><span> <em>Oryzias eversi</em> and</span><span> a non-brooding </span><em><span>O. dopingdopingensis</span></em><span> reveals different traits involved in pelvic-fin brooding to be controlled by different loci on different chromosomes</span><span>. Genomic analyses of admixture detected no signatures of introgression between two lineages with pelvic-fin brooders</span><span>, indicating that </span><span>introgression is unlikely to be responsible for repeated evolution of pelvic-fin brooding</span><span>. </span><span>These findings suggest that multiple independent mutations may have contributed to the convergent evolution of this novel mode of reproduction.</span></p>
Data for: The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive output in lizards
<p>Life-history theory suggests that the optimal reproductive output of an organism is affected by factors such as energy acquisition and predation risk. The observation that some organisms actively search for their prey and others ambush them creates the expectation of different energy needs and predation risk associated with each foraging behavior, the so-called "foraging-mode paradigm". Although this paradigm has been around for decades, the empirical evidence consists of conflicting results derived from competing models based on different mechanisms. For instance, models within the foraging-mode paradigm suggest that widely-foraging females have evolved low reproductive output, because a heavy reproductive load decreases their ability to escape from predators. By contrast, a long-standing prediction of evolutionary theory indicates that organisms subject to high extrinsic mortality, should invest more in reproduction. Here, we present the first partial evidence that widely-foraging species have evolved greater reproductive output than have sit-and-wait species, which we attribute to a larger body size and greater mortality among mobile foragers. According to our findings, we propose a theoretical model that could explain the observed pattern in lizards, suggesting ways for evolutionary ecologists to test mechanistic hypotheses at the intraspecific level.</p>
Genotyping measures and population genetic indices for assesing reproductive modes of polyploid Ludwigia grandiflora subsp. hexapetala in western Europe
<p>Raw data used to assess reproductive modes in 53 sampled populations in western Europe (France and northern Spain).</p> <p><em>Ludwigia grandiflora </em>subsp.<em> hexapetala</em> (<em>Lgh</em>) is a hermaphrodite, polyploid, partially clonal and heteromorphic plant that recently colonized multiple countries worldwide. Individuals in this species are either self-incompatible caused by a late-acting self-incompatible (LSI) system developing long-styled flowers, or self-compatible (SC) developing short-styled flowers. We used a SNP approach allowing confident allele dosage to genotype 53 LSI and SC populations of <em>Lgh</em> in France and northern Spain. We measured their genetic diversity and assessed their reproductive modes using methods adapted to autopolyploid species. </p>
Fig. 1 in Reproductive modes and daily fecundity of Aenasius bambawalei (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Fig. 1. Daily survival rate and daily fecundity of Aenasius bambawalei females.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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