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F I G U R E 4 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems

F I G U R E 4 Time to first hatch (hours) and number of hatched larvae per egg cluster (mean ± SE) for Eristalis tenax egg clusters reared at 12 (n = 6), 16.5 (n = 5), 21.5 (n = 6), 25.5 (n = 5), 30 C (n = 6). Letters indicate significant differences in time to first hatch (bold) and hatched larval output at each temperature (p <0.05).

T A B L E 1 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems

T A B L E 1 Summary of percentage of females mated, observed total egg cluster count and expected total egg cluster count proportionate to the number of females per cage, and differences between observed and expected egg cluster counts (% of expected) for Eristalis tenax at three different sex ratio treatments: 20:40, 30:30 and 40:20 female to male.

F I G U R E 3 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems

F I G U R E 3 Percentage of total Eristalis tenax egg cluster output per week from eclosion, from four cages in the 30:30 sex ratio treatment (n = 196) and three cages in the 60 fly per cage stocking density treatment with a 1:1 sex ratio (n = 62).

F I G U R E 2 Survival curves for female Eristalis tenax flies observed for 11 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems

F I G U R E 2 Survival curves for female Eristalis tenax flies observed for 11 weeks in four adult density treatments; 15:15 (n = 45), 30:30 (n = 90), 60:60 (n = 180), 120:120 (n = 360). Letters indicate significant differences (p <0.05) between survival curves of treatments.

F I G U R E 1 in Toward optimising reproductive output of Eristalis tenax (Diptera: Syrphidae) for commercial mass rearing systems

F I G U R E 1 Percentage of mated Eristalis tenax females in a captive population over time following eclosion (mean ± SE); 2 weeks (n = 15), 4 weeks (n = 29), 5 weeks (n = 15), 7 weeks (n = 4), 9 weeks (n = 16).

Figure 7 in Diet and reproductive outputs of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) during the common vole (Microtus arvalis) outbreak and crash

Figure 7. GLMM diagrams illustrating the effect of the main and alternative prey taxa and the two derived indices on the number of fledglings (A: Common vole, B: Apodemus genus, C: Microtinae/Murinae ratio, D: Trophic level index).

Figure 5 in Diet and reproductive outputs of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) during the common vole (Microtus arvalis) outbreak and crash

Figure 5. GLMM diagrams illustrating the effect of the main and alternative prey taxa and the two derived indices on clutch size (A: Common vole, B–C: Apodemus genus, D–E: Microtinae/Murinae ratio, F: Trophic level index).

Figure 4 in Diet and reproductive outputs of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) during the common vole (Microtus arvalis) outbreak and crash

Figure 4. Box plots of the relative frequency of the main and alternative prey taxa. The bottom and top limits of each box are the lower and upper quartiles; error bars equal ±1.5 times the interquartile range; the horizontal black band within each box is the median; and the red triangle is the mean.

Figure 6 in Diet and reproductive outputs of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) during the common vole (Microtus arvalis) outbreak and crash

Figure 6. GLMM diagrams illustrating the effect of the main and alternative prey taxa and the two derived indices on the number of hatchlings (A: Common vole, B: Apodemus genus, C: Microtinae/Murinae ratio, D: Trophic level index).

Figure 3 in Diet and reproductive outputs of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) during the common vole (Microtus arvalis) outbreak and crash

Figure 3. Rank abundance curves of the prey composition of the common barn-owl in different outbreak and crash years, and cumulative results of these two periods.

Figure 2 in Diet and reproductive outputs of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) during the common vole (Microtus arvalis) outbreak and crash

Figure 2. Box plots of barn owls' breeding parameters (A: clutch size; B: number of hatchlings; C: number of fledglings). The bottom and top limits of each box are the lower and upper quartiles; error bars equal ±1.5 times the interquartile range; the horizontal black band within each box is the median; and the red triangle is the mean.

Figure 1 in Diet and reproductive outputs of common barn-owl (Tyto alba) during the common vole (Microtus arvalis) outbreak and crash

Figure 1. Study area in Baranya County (Hungary), showing the location of sampled nesting pairs (settlements).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Data from: Breeding phenology drives variation in reproductive output, reproductive costs and offspring fitness in a viviparous ectotherm

Phenological advances are a widespread response to global warming and can contribute to determine the climate vulnerability of organisms, particularly in ectothermic species which are highly dependent on ambient temperatures to complete their life cycle. Yet, the relative contribution of breeding dates and temperature conditions during gestation on fitness of females and their offspring is poorly documented in reptiles. Here, we exposed females of the common lizard Zootoca vivipara to contrasting thermal scenarios (cold versus hot treatment) during gestation and quantified effects of parturition dates and thermal treatment on life-history traits of females and their offspring for one year. Overall, our results suggest that parturition date has a greater impact than thermal conditions during gestation on life history strategies. In particular, we found positive effects of an earlier parturition date on juvenile survival, growth and recruitment suggesting that environmental dependent selection and/or differences in parental quality between early and late breeders underlie seasonal changes in offspring fitness. Yet, an earlier parturition date compromised the energetic condition of gravid females, which suggests the existence of a mother-offspring conflict regarding the optimisation of parturition dates. While numerous studies focused on the direct effects of alterations in incubation temperatures on reptile life-history traits, our results highlight the importance of considering the role of breeding phenology in assessing the short- and long-term effects of thermal developmental plasticity.

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Data from: Interplay of cooperative breeding and predation risk on egg allocation and reproductive output

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publicFeb 2024View details →

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Territory-level temperature influences breeding phenology and reproductive output in three forest passerine birds

Temperature plays an important role in determining the breeding phenology of birds in temperate climates, with higher spring temperatures associated with earlier breeding. However, the effect of localised territory-scale temperature variations is poorly understood, with relationships between temperature and breeding phenology mostly studied using coarse-grained climatic indices. Here, we interpolate spring temperatures recorded at 150 m2 grid intersections encompassing 417 ha of forest to examine the influence of territory-scale temperature, and its interaction with mean annual temperature, on territory selection, breeding phenology, clutch size and fledging success for three co-occurring single-brooded passerine birds using data from 672 nests over four years. All species exhibited significant trends in reproductive traits associated with territory-scale temperature. Pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca settled in cooler territories first, where they raised more fledglings. Blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus laid larger clutches in warmer territories in warm years and always laid earlier at warmer territories irrespective of annual temperature variation. Contrastingly, pied flycatcher and wood warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix breeding phenology was earlier at warmer territories in cool years and cooler territories in warm years, with wood warbler clutch size responding similarly to this interaction. Greater previous breeding experience and increased higher rates of historical territory occupancy (territory quality) also predicted earlier breeding phenology and higher fledging success for pied flycatchers. We suggest that the migratory pied flycatcher and wood warbler are best synchronised with their prey availability in cooler years at a local population level. However resident blue tits match local phenology across all years, which is potentially advantageous under warmer predicted climate change scenarios. We conclude that temperature at the territory scale can be an important driver of settlement and breeding phenology and influence reproductive traits.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data for: The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive output in lizards

Life-history theory suggests that the optimal reproductive output of an organism is affected by factors such as energy acquisition and predation risk. The observation that some organisms actively search for their prey and others ambush them creates the expectation of different energy needs and predation risk associated with each foraging behavior, the so-called "foraging-mode paradigm". Although this paradigm has been around for decades, the empirical evidence consists of conflicting results derived from competing models based on different mechanisms. For instance, models within the foraging-mode paradigm suggest that widely-foraging females have evolved low reproductive output, because a heavy reproductive load decreases their ability to escape from predators. By contrast, a long-standing prediction of evolutionary theory indicates that organisms subject to high extrinsic mortality, should invest more in reproduction. Here, we present the first partial evidence that widely-foraging species have evolved greater reproductive output than have sit-and-wait species, which we attribute to a larger body size and greater mortality among mobile foragers. According to our findings, we propose a theoretical model that could explain the observed pattern in lizards, suggesting ways for evolutionary ecologists to test mechanistic hypotheses at the intraspecific level.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Data from: Artificial light at night increases growth and reproductive output in Anolis lizards

Since the invention of electric lighting, artificial light at night (ALAN) has become a defining, and evolutionarily novel, feature of human-altered environments especially in cities. ALAN imposes negative impacts on many organisms, including disrupting endocrine function, metabolism, and reproduction. However, we do not know how generalized these impacts are across taxa that exploit urban environments. We exposed brown anole lizards, an abundant and invasive urban exploiter, to relevant levels of ALAN in the lab and assessed effects on growth and reproduction at the start of the breeding season. Male and female anoles exposed to ALAN increased growth and did not suffer increased levels of corticosterone. ALAN exposure induced earlier egg-laying, likely by mimicking a longer photoperiod, and increased reproductive output without reducing offspring quality. These increases in growth and reproduction should increase fitness. Anoles, and potentially other taxa, may be resistant to some negative effects of ALAN and able to take advantage of the novel niche space ALAN creates. ALAN and both its negative and positive impacts may play a crucial role in determining which species invade and exploit urban environments.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Influence of the haemosporidian Leucocytozoon spp. over reproductive output in a wild Neotropical passerine, the Thorn-tailed Rayadito Aphrastura spinicauda

Life-history theory predicts that hosts may adjust the costs of parasites by altering their reproductive effort. Haemosporidian parasites can affect the reproductive output of wild birds in multiple ways. Thorn-tailed Rayaditos Aphrastura spinicauda breeding in Navarino Island, Southern Chile (55°-40° S) experience high prevalence of the haemosporidian Leucocytozoon spp., which opens the possibility of exploring how these parasites may affect reproductive output in a Neotropical bird species. We compared several variables describing reproductive output (laying date, clutch size, incubation period, brood size, nestling body condition and early-life telomere length) of infected and non-infected parents (individually and as breeding pairs). We found that infected-females and breeding pairs with both parents infected showed significantly shorter incubation periods than un-infected Thorn-tailed Rayaditos. Furthermore, breeding pairs with both parents infected raised nestlings with higher body condition than nestlings for which infection was present in only one or in none of the parents. Our results suggest that the higher the parental investment, the higher the risk of relapse of chronic infection by Leucocytozoon spp. Thorn-tailed Rayaditos that decrease their incubation period pay the cost of infection to take advantage of early breeding through a greater more availability of resources, producing nestlings with higher body condition.