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Figure 2 in Activity and reproductive patterns of lizards in the Chaco of Argentina

Figure 2. Number of lizards captured during the study. Abbreviations: Tt: Teius teyou, Sd: Stenocercus doellojuradoi, Te: Tropidurus etheridgei, Lch: Liolaemus chacoensis, Hf: Homonota fasciata, Lp: Leiosaurus paronae, Vr: Vanzosaura rubricauda, Tr: Tupinambis rufescens, Md: Mabuya dorsivittata, Cs: Cnemidophorus serranus, Lsp: Liolaemus sp.

Fig. 5. Mean Gonadosomatic Index for C in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data

Fig. 5. Mean Gonadosomatic Index for C. temensis variants grouped by CPV grade. a) Females from the Igapó Açú (Region 1). b) Females from the rio Caures (Region 2). c) Males from the Igapó Açú region. d) Males from the rio Caures. A significant correlation between GSI and CPV Grade was found for males and females in both collecting regions, p <.01 for a, b, d, and d.

Fig. 4 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data

Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 50 sequences sampled from the paca and açu variants of Cichla temensis (Genbank accession numbers HQ230011 - HQ230016) The phylogeny was rooted a posteriori with Cichla species of the clade A (sensu Willis et al. 2010) (GU295691- GU295704). The scale represents an HKY85 genetic distance.

Fig. 3. a in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data

Fig. 3. a) Mean (± SEM) lateral line scale counts for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all species were significantly different, p <0.0001*. b) Mean (± SEM) body depth to Standard Length ratio (adjusted for gonad size differential) for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all C. temensis were significantly different from both sympatric species, p <0.0001*.

Fig. 2 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data

Fig. 2. Collecting regions in two cyclically flooding drainages in the rio Amazon basin. Region 1, the Igapó-Açu region, a blackwater tributary complex of the rio Madeira, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. monoculus. Region 2, the rio Caures, a blackwater tributary of the rio Negro, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. orinocensis.

Fig. 8 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 8. Testicular morphological characteristics of the Regression phase in C. kelberi. (a) Testicular proximal region, highlighting the big volume of melano-macrophage centers (mmc). (b) Gonad in restructuration with details to the Sertoli cells phagocytizing (Sp) the residual sperm (rSz), and the apoptotic cells (double arrow). (c) Transversal section along the testis in Regression. (d) Testicular periphery (dorsal region) highlighting the intense proliferation of primary spermatogonia in this region (Sg). primary spermatogonial cluster (dotted line); I - interstitial tissue; Sp - Sertoli cell in phagocytosis; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 - primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia. H.E. stain.

Fig. 7 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 7. Testicular morphological characteristics of Late GE Development phase in C. kelberi. (a) Longitudinal section of the main testicular duct (dt). (b) Germinal epithelium discontinuity in the distal region of the testicular lobules (asterisk). (c) Spermatogenic cysts in different development phases, highlighting the spermatocytes cyst in metaphase (mt) of the first meiotic division. (d) Discontinuity of the germinal epithelium along the testicle. H.E. stain. Egd - discontinuous germinal epithelium; mmc - melano-macrophage centers; S - Sertoli cell; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 -primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia cysts; St - spermatids cysts; Sz - sperm. H.E. stain.

Fig. 6 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 6. Testicular morphological characteristics of Mid GE Development phase in C. kelberi. (a and b) Testicular anastomosing region, highlighting the beginning of the germinal epithelium discontinuity (asterisk), in both the anastomosing region and lobules near the main testicular ducts. (c) Discontinuous germinal epithelium, with cysts in different development stages and lots of sperm (Sz) in the lobular lumen. (d) Peripheral lobular region (dorsal) highlighting the continuous germinal epithelium and clusters of primary spermatogonia (dotted line). ar - anastomosing region; dt - main testicular ducts; I - interstice; m - basal membrane; mt - metaphase; S - Sertoli cell; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 - primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia; St - spermatids; ta - tunica albuginea; cytoplasmic extension (hollow arrow). H.E. stain.

Fig. 5 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 5. Testicular morphological characteristics of Early GE Development phase in C. kelberi. (a) Main testicular duct region (dt), highlighting the narrow light (arrow). (b) Testicular lobules with continuous germinal epithelium (Egc) and germ cells cysts in different phases of spermatogenesis. (c) Germ cells cysts in different phases of spermatogenesis. (d) Distal lobular region, highlighting the germ cells clusters (dotted line). Bv - blood vessels; S - Sertoli cell; Sc1 - primary spermatocysts; Sg1 - primary spermatogonia; Sg2 - secondary spermatogonia; St - spermatids; ta - tunica albuginea. H. E. stain.

Fig. 1 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 1. Testicular structure of C. kelberi in transversal section. (a) Testis draft highlighting the different regions. (b) A lobule representation, highlighting the cystic type spermatogenesis and the unrestricted distribution of spermatogonia. (c) Testis ventral region, showing the main testicular duct (dt), anastomosing region (ar) and the beginning of the lobular region (L). Reticulin reaction. (d) Testis dorsal region, highlighting the blind end (double arrow) of the testicular lobules, which are formed by the connective tissue septa sent by tunica albuginea (ta). Reticulin reaction. c - spermatogonial clusters; I - interstice; S - Sertoli cell; Sc - spermatocyte; Sg - spermatogonia; St - spermatid.

Fig. 3 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 3. Structure of the germinal epithelium in C. kelberi. (a and b) germinal epithelium highlighting the spermatogenic cysts in distinct layers. H.E. stain. (c) Outline highlighting the maintenance of a continuous germinal epithelium after the higher layers cysts break. Sc1 - primary spermatocyte; St - spermatid; Sz - spermatozoa.

Fig. 4 in Reproductive cycle of the Neotropical cichlid yellow peacock bass Cichla kelberi: A novel pattern of testicular development

Fig. 4. Testicular morphological characteristics of the initial phases of C. kelberi gonadal development. (a) and (b) Immature phase: germinal epithelium showing a reduced number of primary spermatogonia (Sg1). (c) and (d) Preparatory phase: presence of lots of primary spermatogonia and cysts of secondary spermatogonia (Sg2). Mitotic figures are also observed in this phase, highlighting the spermatogonial proliferation (arrow).

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Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation

Fig. 5. Relative mean GSI vs. relative mean HSI of color pattern variants of Cichla temensis. Points for GSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade as compared to the range encountered. Points for HSI represent the mean value for each CPV grade compared to the range encountered.

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Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation

Fig. 3. Biplot of the uniform components in each direction (UniX and UniY) of morphometrical differences in 80 specimens of Cichla temensis in 4 color variation patterns (CPV) as measured by 9 Thin Plate Spline (TPS) distortion variables (V1-V9). Colored numbers indicate the CPV grade of individuals. The total spread of scores among individuals of each CPV are indicated by an envelope (solid line polygon) calculated as the minimum convex hull for that group. Position in the plot relative to other individuals indicates the degree of similarity in morph. Vectors point in the direction of gradient change for that TPS variable and the magnitude indicates the strength of the gradient. Angles between vectors indicate the TPS interset correlations.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 7 in Reproduction of the Blue Jack Mackerel, , in Western Portugal: Microscopic Gonad Analysis Reveals Indeterminate Fecundity and Skipped Spawning Patterns.

Fig. 5. Mean (± standard error) gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and relative condition (Kn) for blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) females off the western coast of Portugal by maturation phase and abnormal condition. I, immature; D, developing; SC, spawning capable; AS, actively spawning; RS, regressing; RN, regenerating; CS, reproductive inactive ovaries with cystic structures; MA, spawning capable individuals with massive atresia; K, Kudoa spp.-infected ovaries. Sample size for each group is given between brackets in the x-axis.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 7 in Reproduction of the Blue Jack Mackerel, , in Western Portugal: Microscopic Gonad Analysis Reveals Indeterminate Fecundity and Skipped Spawning Patterns.

Fig. 4. Histological sections of ovaries of blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) with abnormalities: a) reproductive inactive ovaries with cystic structures with only PG and early SG oocytes (female with 38.1 cm TL, caught in the first half of January); b) reproductive inactive ovaries with massive cystic structures with only a few PG oocytes remaining (female with 26.2 cm TL, caught in the first half of March); c) spawning capable individuals with massive atresia (female with 25.8 cm TL, caught in second half of February); d) Kudoa spp.-infected ovary (female with 25.5 cm TL, caught on the first half of March); e) actively spawning (female with 31.1 cm TL, caught on the second half of March); f) regressing female with massive atresia (female with 27.3 cm TL, caught in April). *, Kudoa spp. infection; AVTG, advance vitellogenic oocytes; At, atresia; AtSt, atretic structures; CA, cortical alveoli oocytes; EVTG, early vitellogenic oocytes; H, hydrated oocytes; PG, primary growth oocytes.

Fig. 3 in Fig. 7 in Reproduction of the Blue Jack Mackerel, , in Western Portugal: Microscopic Gonad Analysis Reveals Indeterminate Fecundity and Skipped Spawning Patterns.

Fig. 3. Mean (± standard error) gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and relative condition (Kn) for blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) females (black dots) and males (open triangles) off the western coast of Portugal by sampling date. Sea surface temperature (SST, grey shadow). 1st half, month first fortnight; 2nd half, month second fortnight.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 7 in Reproduction of the Blue Jack Mackerel, , in Western Portugal: Microscopic Gonad Analysis Reveals Indeterminate Fecundity and Skipped Spawning Patterns.

Fig. 7. Relationships between batch fecundity and total length (TL) and eviscerated weight (EW) for blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) females caught off the western coast of Portugal.

Fig. 2 in Fig. 7 in Reproduction of the Blue Jack Mackerel, , in Western Portugal: Microscopic Gonad Analysis Reveals Indeterminate Fecundity and Skipped Spawning Patterns.

Fig. 2. Maturity phase frequency by sampling date for blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) females and males caught off the western coast of Portugal. D, developing; SC, spawning capable; AS, actively spawning; RS, regressing; RN, regenerating. 1st half, month first fortnight; 2nd half, month second fortnight.

Fig. 6 in Fig. 7 in Reproduction of the Blue Jack Mackerel, , in Western Portugal: Microscopic Gonad Analysis Reveals Indeterminate Fecundity and Skipped Spawning Patterns.

Fig. 6. Fecundity type of blue jack mackerel (Trachurus picturatus) off the western coast of Portugal, assessed from the variation throughout the spawning season of a) oocyte size frequency distribution; b) abundance of early developing oocytes (white) and advanced vitellogenic oocytes (grey); c) mean oocyte diameter (OD) of the advanced vitellogenic oocytes. Boxplot represents median, first and third quartiles, whiskers represent 1.5 × interquartile range and dots are possible outliers. 1st half, month first fortnight; 2nd half, month second fortnight.