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147 results for “reproductive selection”
PRE02 Reproductive effort of Big Bluestem, Indiangrass and Little Bluestem on selected Konza Prairie LTER watersheds
This data set focuses on seed production, flowering stem mass, height, and population densities of three dominant prairie grasses: Andropogon gerardii (ANGE), Sorgastrum nutans (SONU), and Schizachyrium scoparium (ANSC) in selected Konza Prairie LTER watersheds. Data set includes measurements of flowering stem height (m), density (no. per sq. m) and production (grams per sq. m) and total seed weight (grams) and production (grams per sq. on 2 soil types (shallow and deep) in watersheds representing different burning-grazing treatment combinations. Specific watersheds sampled have varied over time. Current watersheds include: 001d, R01a, R01b, 002c, 002d, 004a, 004b, 020b, R20a, R20b, 0SpA, 0SpB, 0SuA, 0SuB, 00FA, 00FB, 00WA and 00WB Sampling is done once a year in October/November (end of growing season). (Sampling design slightly altered from PRE01).
Female reproductive fluid increases the opportunities for post-mating sexual selection by prolonging egg fertilization window
<p>Female reproductive fluid, the fluid that surrounds the eggs, has attracted increasing attention for its role in fertilization and post-mating sexual selection through its effects on sperm traits. Surprisingly, however, only a few studies have investigated the effects of female reproductive fluid on the eggs. Yet, these effects might offer great potential to affect fertilization dynamics by, for example, increasing the opportunities for post-mating sexual selection. Here, we determined whether, by extending the egg fertilization window (time available for egg fertilization), the female reproductive fluid could also increase the opportunities for multiple paternity. Using the Zebrafish Danio rerio we first tested the prediction that female reproductive fluid increases the egg fertilization window, and then, using a split-brood design with sperm of two males added at different times after eggs activation, we tested whether the degree of multiple paternity varies in presence or absence of female reproductive fluid. Our results reveal the potential of the female reproductive fluid to increase multiple paternity throughout its effects on the egg fertilization window thus broadening our knowledge of the mechanisms females in externally fertilizing species affect post-mating sexual selection.</p>
Reproductive compensation and selection among viable embryos drive the evolution of polyembryony
<p>Simple polyembryony -- where one gametophyte produces multiple embryos with different sires but the same maternal haplotype -- is common among vascular plants. We develop an infinite-site, forward population genetics model showing that together polyembryony's two benefits -- "reproductive compensation" achieved by providing a backup for inviable embryos, and the opportunity to favor the fitter of surviving embryos, can favor its evolution. Our model tests how these factors can favor the evolution of polyembryony, and how these underlying benefits of polyembryony shape the genetic load under a range of biological parameters. While these two benefits are difficult to disentangle in nature, we construct variant models of polyembryony that either only include or only exclude the opportunity for reproductive compensation. We find that reproductive compensation strongly favors the evolution of polyembryony, and that polyembryony is favored much more weekly in its absence, suggesting that the benefit of a backup embryo is a major force favoring polyembryony. Remarkably we find nearly identical results in cases in which mutations impact either embryo or post-embryonic fitness (no pleiotropy), and in cases in which mutations have identical fitness effects embryo or post-embryonic fitness (extreme pleiotropy). Finally, we find that the consequences of polyembryony depends on its function – polyembryony results in a decrease in mean embryonic fitness when acting as a mechanism of embryo compensation, and ultimately increases mean embryonic fitness when we exclude this potential benefit.</p>
Data from Investigating the effects of diurnal and nocturnal pollinators on male and female reproductive success and on floral trait selection in Silene dioica
<p><strong>data_all_OdEx.csv</strong>: all data about phenotypes or reproductive success at the individual scale</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>nGrSemis_min : seed number needed to be sowned to get enough seedlings</li> <li>nGrGerm : seed number effectively sowned</li> <li>nGrGerm_OK : number of germinated seed</li> <li>TauxGerm : germination rate</li> <li>nFruits_MAX : maximal number of fruit that the plant could have produced</li> <li>nFruits_OK : effective number of fruits that the plant had produced</li> <li>nFruits_OK_avecPred : effective number of fruits that the plant had produced ignoring predation</li> <li>nFruits_pred : number of predated fruits</li> <li>mean_nbSeeds : mean number of seeds per fruit</li> <li>sd_nbSeeds : sd number of seeds per fruit</li> <li>mean_nbOv : mean ovule non fertilize per fruit</li> <li>sd_nbOv : sd ovule non fertilize per fruit</li> <li>mean_nbOvTOT : mean ovule number per flower</li> <li>sd_nbOvTOT : sd ovule number per flower</li> <li>prodTOT : total number of seed produced including germination rate</li> <li>FS : Fruit-set</li> <li>SS : Seed-set</li> <li>prodTOTsg : total number of seed produced without germination rate</li> <li>nbFlo_run0 : flower number at the beginning of the experiment</li> <li>nbFlo_run1 : flower number at the first measurement</li> <li>mean_nbFlo : mean flower number</li> <li>MeanFec : mean seed sired per males according to MEMM model</li> <li>MeanDelta : mean delta pollen dispersion according to MEMM model</li> <li>MeanMRS : mean male reproductive success (including female RS) according to MEMM model</li> <li>MedFec : same as above with the median</li> <li>MedDelta : same as above with the median</li> <li>MedMRS : same as above with the median</li> <li>VarFec : same as above with the variance</li> <li>VarDelta : same as above with the variance</li> <li>VarMRS : same as above with the variance</li> <li>ciFec : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>ciDelta : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>ciMRS : Same as above with confidence interval</li> <li>MS_Res : mating success</li> <li>mean_lFl : mean corolla width</li> <li>mean_hFl : mean calyx height</li> <li>QttTOT : pollen number per flower</li> <li>pop : which originate population</li> <li>cohort : which cohort</li> </ul> <p><strong>data_seeds_OdEx.csv</strong> : all data about seed number of weight as well as unfertilized ovule at the fruit scale for female RS</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>noFruit : ID fruit</li> <li>poids : seed weight</li> <li>nbSeeds : number of seeds</li> <li>nbOv : number of unfertilized ovule</li> <li>moySeeds : mean seed size</li> <li>varSeeds : variance in seed size</li> </ul> <p><strong>data_poll_OdEx.csv</strong> : all data about pollinator observation session</p> <ul> <li>ID : ID name</li> <li>session : observation session number</li> <li>nbVis : number of independent insect attracted</li> <li>nbVisTot : number of total visit</li> <li>binVis : individual visited or not</li> </ul>
Fig. 5 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 5. Selection of microhabitat demonstrated by the dispersion diagram of the Procrustes analysis (ss, sum of squares; t0, Correlation of Procrustes. For each capture event: circles represents the matrix with environmental variables from the occupied quadrants; arrows represents the matrix of available quadrants with the same variables; line between both represents the size of congruence between matrices).
Fig. 4 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 4. Perch characteristics of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) in RPPN PrÓ-Mata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil. (points: average; bars: standard error).
Fig. 3 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 3. Microhabitat strata heterogeneity of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) in RPPN PróMata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (Cv: stratum height coefficient of variation; points: average; bars: standard error).
Fig. 2 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 2. Characteristics of the microhabitat of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) in RPPN PrÓ-Mata, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil. Occupied (O) and available (A) coverage microhabitat (Herb: herbaceous stratum; points: average; bars: standard error).
Fig. 1 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 1. Characterization of the study area. Location map of the area, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (left box). Landscape of the study site dominated by herbaceous vegetation (upper right boX. in upper right corner: headQuarters of the RPPN PrÓ-Mata; in lower right corner: forest patch). And view from the wetland's east bank showing the heterogeneity of herbaceous and tree vegetation (bottom right box).
Fig. 6 in Selection and use of calling site by Boana leptolineata and Phyllomedusa distincta during the reproductive season
Fig. 6. Occurrence probability (y-axis) of Phyllomedusa distincta (B. Lutz, 1950) and Boana leptolineata (P. Braun & C. Braun, 1977) individuals in the Quadrants based on the microhabitat environmental variables (X-aXis) used in the Multinomial Logistic Regression model. Notes: white indicates the condition of individuals occurrence, while the shades of gray indicate the other four available conditions (quadrants) of individuals non-occurrence. A detailed table containing the outcomes is provided in Appendix 1.
Evolutionary responses of energy metabolism, development, and reproduction to artificial selection for increasing heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura
<p><span>Adaptation to warming conditions involves increased heat tolerance and metabolic changes to reduce maintenance costs and maximize biological functions close to fitness. Evidence shows that energy metabolism evolves in response to warming conditions, but we know little about how heat stress intensity determines the evolutionary responses of metabolism and life history traits. Here, we evaluated the evolutionary responses of energy metabolism and life-history traits to artificial selection for increasing heat tolerance in Drosophila subobscura, using two protocols to measure and select heat tolerance: slow and fast ramping protocols. We found that the increase in heat tolerance was associated with reduced activity of the enzymes involved in the glucose-6-phosphate branchpoint, but no changes in the metabolic rate in selected lines. We also found that the evolution of increased heat tolerance increased the early fecundity in selected lines and increased the egg-to-adult viability only in the slow-ramping selected lines. This work shows heat tolerance can evolve under different thermal scenarios but with different evolutionary outcomes on associated traits depending on the heat stress intensity. Therefore, spatial and temporal variability of thermal stress intensity should be taken into account to understand and predict the adaptive response to ongoing and future climatic conditions.</span></p>
Figs 10–13 in Peripatopsidae (Onychophora) from New Zealand - observations on selected morphs of the 'Peripatoides novaezealandiae-complex' in culture: morphological and reproductive aspects
Figs 10–13. Sketches of posterior ventral body surface. 10. Juvenile from Boundary stream, 2 months, genital area and papillae of anal cone still undifferntiated (30 x). 11. Juvenile from Boundary Stream, 5 months, female (30 x). 12. Juvenile from Woodville Gorge, 2 months, genital area and papillae of anal cone still undifferentiated (30 x). 13. Juvenile from Paengora Mataroa, 2 months, male (30 x).
Figs 6–9. Selected hatchlings and juveniles. 6 in Peripatopsidae (Onychophora) from New Zealand - observations on selected morphs of the 'Peripatoides novaezealandiae-complex' in culture: morphological and reproductive aspects
Figs 6–9. Selected hatchlings and juveniles. 6. Boundary Stream: premature hatchling with slime gland (25 x). 7. Juvenile from Ngapaerera: stage A (7 x). 8. Juvenile from Boundary Stream: stage A (7 x). 9. Juvenile from Monckton: stage C (10 x).
Figs 3–5 in Peripatopsidae (Onychophora) from New Zealand - observations on selected morphs of the 'Peripatoides novaezealandiae-complex' in culture: morphological and reproductive aspects
Figs 3–5. Diagram, micrograph and photograph of selected morphs. 3. Schematic sketch of Mohi Bush male: fifth leg, ventral view (Scale bar = 163 m). 4. SEM micrograph of genital pore: Monckton male (Fig. rotated approx. 45˚). 5. Monckton: premature hatchling (25 x).
Fig. 1 in Peripatopsidae (Onychophora) from New Zealand - observations on selected morphs of the 'Peripatoides novaezealandiae-complex' in culture: morphological and reproductive aspects
Fig. 1: New Zealand localities of observed Peripatopsidae: the abbreviations are for Mount Auckland, Boundary Stream, Paengaroa Mataroa, Mohi Bush, Monckton, Woodville Gorge, Kapiti Island, and Ngapaerera. Part of 'base-map': Modified after Crosby et al. (1976).
Evolution of reproductive isolation in a long-term evolution experiment with Drosophila melanogaster: 30 years of divergent life history selection
<p>We ask if three decades and over 1,500 generations of divergent life history selection on age at reproduction has resulted in the evolution of reproductive isolation (RI) between laboratory populations of <em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em>. We tested for premating, postmating-prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive isolation between 3 replicate population pairs. Large evolved differences in body size between selection treatments suggested the potential for prezygotic barriers driven by sexual selection or physical incompatibilities between the sexes. Although a simple prediction would be preference for larger size, creating directional isolation, our results from individual mate choice trials indicate that populations from both selection treatments show a marked bias towards homotypic mate choice; indicative of prezygotic RI driven by sexual selection or sexual conflict. Hybridization between the focal populations resulted in the production of viable adult flies with intermediate size and developmental traits. We observed a suggestive but statistically non-significant trend of fitness decline in the F2 generation of hybrids, but no significant evidence suggesting the evolution of postmating-prezygotic or postzygotic RI. Our findings are in accord with extant literature that posits that premating RI evolves before postmating forms of RI.</p>
Figure 4 in Does depth become a permissive factor for reproductive habitat selection in the reef-associate damselfish Chrysiptera cyanea?
Figure 4 – Effect of long‑day conditions with hydrostatic pressure on gonadosomatic index of the sapphire devil. Fish were reared under conditions with long-day (LD = 14: 10) by red LED lights and with hydrostatic pressure at 0 m (white column) and 3 m (black column). Fish were sampled at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after the initiation of the experiment. Each value represents mean ± SEM.
Figure 3 in Does depth become a permissive factor for reproductive habitat selection in the reef-associate damselfish Chrysiptera cyanea?
Figure 3 – Effect of hydrostatic pressure on dopaminergic activity in the whole brain of the sapphire devil. Mesh cages with 8 females were set at the surface (0 m; white column) and at the bottom (3 m; black column) of a concrete tank. Fish in the cages were sampled at 3 and 6 hours after the onset of the experiment. Dopamine (DA) and 3,4‑dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the whole brain were measured high‑performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detection system. Metabolic rate (DOPAC/DA) was also calculated. Each value represents mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant difference among groups at p <0.05.
Figure 1 in Does depth become a permissive factor for reproductive habitat selection in the reef-associate damselfish Chrysiptera cyanea?
Figure 1 – Distribution of the sapphire devil in reef lagoons. School was scored according to the number of fish (n ≤ 2; 0, 3 ≤ n 5; 1, 6 ≤ n ≤ 8; 2, 9 ≤ n; 3). Each value represents mean ± SEM. Different letters indicate significant difference among groups at p <0.05.
Figure 5 in Does depth become a permissive factor for reproductive habitat selection in the reef-associate damselfish Chrysiptera cyanea?
Figure 5. – Summary of depth effect on light wavelength, hydrostatic pressure, dopaminergic activity in the brain and reproductive performance of the sapphire devil. Long wavelengths of light are absorbed in the shallow area. Deeper habitat increases hydrostatic pressure, which follows an increase in dopaminergic activity in the brain and a decrease in reproductive performance in the sapphire devil.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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