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Data for "Let's not wing it: Effective conservation of subterranean-roosting bats"
<p>Database as both excel (.xls) and tab-delimited (.csv) associated with the publication: </p> <p>Meierhofer M.B., et al. (2023) Let’s not wing it: Effective conservation of subterranean-roosting bats. <em>Conservation biology.</em></p> <p>Please refer to the main publication for a detailed description. An explanation of the database is available in the Metadata file uploaded alongside the database. R code to reproduce the analysis pipeline is available on GitHub:</p> <p>https://github.com/StefanoMammola/Analysis_Cave_bat_conservation.git</p>
Wind energy production in forests conflicts with tree - roosting bats
<p>Many countries are investing heavily in wind power generation,<sup>1</sup> triggering a high demand for suitable land. As a result, wind energy facilities are increasingly being installed in forests,<sup>2,3</sup> despite the fact that forests are crucial for the protection of terrestrial biodiversity.<sup>4</sup> This green-green dilemma is particularly evident for bats, as most species at risk of colliding with wind turbines roost in trees.<sup>2</sup> With some of these species reported to be declining,<sup>5-8</sup> we see an urgent need to understand how bats respond to wind turbines in forested areas, especially in Europe where all bat species are legally protected. We used miniaturized global positioning system (GPS) units to study how European common noctule bats (<em>Nyctalus noctula</em>), a species that is highly vulnerable at turbines,<sup>9</sup> respond to wind turbines in forests. Data from 60 tagged common noctules yielded a total of 8129 positions, of which 2.3% were recorded at distances <100 m from the nearest turbine. Bats were particularly active at turbines <500 m near roosts, which may require such turbines to be shut down more frequently at times of high bat activity to reduce collision risk. Beyond roosts, bats avoided turbines over several kilometers, supporting earlier findings on habitat loss for forest-associated bats.<sup>10</sup> This habitat loss should be compensated by developing parts of the forest as refugia for bats. Our study highlights that it can be particularly challenging to generate wind energy in forested areas in an ecologically sustainable manner with minimal impact on forests and the wildlife that inhabit them.</p>
Figures 1–3. 1 in Nocturnal multi-species roosts of Cicindelidae (Coleoptera) in a Neotropical lowland rainforest
Figures 1–3. 1) Forest path #1 at the study site in lowland terra firme Venezuelan rainforest, February 1999. 2) Communal roost of Odontocheila Laporte de Castelnau spp. (O. confusa (Dejean) and O. angulipenis W. Horn/O. margineguttata (Dejean)) at the study site in lowland terra firme Venezuelan rainforest, June 1998. 3) Communal roost of Odontocheila Laporte de Castelnau spp. (O. confusa (Dejean) and O. angulipenis W. Horn/O. margineguttata (Dejean)) at the study site in lowland terra firme Venezuelan rainforest, May 1998.
Figure 3 in Distribution and roosting ecology of the lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickii Gray, 1831 (Chiroptera: Rhinopomatidae)
Figure 3. Map shows the distribution of lesser mouse-tailed bat, Rhinopoma hardwickii. The locations of roost sites were abbreviated and shown in the map: 1) AGC – Agra, 2) SFA – Sangam Fort (Allahabad), 3) NTB – Neelkanth Temple Kalinjar (Banda), 4) BAC – Banda, 5) PKC – Purani kotwali (Chitrakoot), 6) AFE – Awagdh Fort (Etah), 7) FBC – Faizabad, 8) FPC – Fatehpur, 9) EPF – Edalpur (Firozabad), 10) JFJ– Jaunpur Fort (Jaunpur), 11) BMJ – Bukhara, Mauranipur (Jhansi), 12) JHC – Jhansi, 13) LPC – Lalitpur, 14) TFL – Talbahte Fort (Lalitpur), 15) KKL – Kakori (Lucknow), 16) TTM– Tirthankar Temple (Mahowa), 17) MFM – Mirzapur Fort (Mirzapur), 18) KBP – Khusaroo bagh, 19) RBC – Raebareli, 20) SPC – Sultanpur, 21) UNC – Unnao.
Fig. 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria
Fig. 3. Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence phylogeny showing the relationship between Cyclopodia greeffi and other species of the same and different genera. Values obtained from Bayesian posterior are presented as supports at the nodes. BI – Bayesian posterior probability value.
Fig. 2. Cyclopodia greeffi. a in Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria
Fig. 2. Cyclopodia greeffi. a. Thorax, dorsal: ctenidia with thick blunt teeth. b, c, d. Abdomen ventral: b. sternite 1–2 bearing ctenidium, with about 40–44 blunt teeth; c. male, claspers long and slender, pigmented at the apex, fifth sternite with 8 spines; d. female, truncate abdomen, sternite with two curved rows of spine.
Fig. 6 in Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria
Fig. 6. Regression distribution plot of Cyclopodia greeffi infestation intensity on Eidolon helvum weight for both sexes and seasons.
Fig. 1. a, b, c. C in Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria
Fig. 1. a, b, c. C. greeffi parasites on the straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum. a. fur around the right side of shoulder and neck region; b. ventral side of the wing (patagium) region below the right forearm; c. ventral side of the abdominal region. Arrows are pointing to the location of the bat flies.
Fig. 5 in Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria
Fig. 5. Density distribution plot of intensity of infestation of Cyclopodia greeffi on Eidolon helvum showing seasonal bimodal distribution.
Fig. 4 in Analysis of COI gene, prevalence, and intensity of the bat fly Cyclopodia greeffi on roosting straw-coloured fruit bat Eidolon helvum in Southwest Nigeria
Fig. 4. Density distribution plot of intensity of Cyclopodia greeffi infestation on Eidolon helvum for sexes and seasons.
Distribution map of occurence of bats roosting in caves in Cameroon
<p>Distribution map of occurence of bats roosts in the caves of Cameroon, as observed by the author during the 2009-2010-2011 speleological prospections. The order (Megachiroptera, Microchiroptera), based on visual assessment, is noted when available.</p>
Figure 8 in Investigation of roost composition of passerine birds in different environmental conditions
Figure 8. Roosts composition of birds recorded from the city road, Sheikhupura. S.E. = Standard Error.
Figure 3 in Investigation of roost composition of passerine birds in different environmental conditions
Figure 3. Roost composition of bird species from forest plantations, Gutwala wildlife sanctuary, Faisalabad. S.E. = Standard Error.
Figs 1-5 in Use of roof as roost of Eumops perotis (Molossidae: Chiroptera) in southeast Brazil
Figs 1-5. Different postures adopted by bats of the species Eumops perotis inside the roost in northwestern SÃo Paulo, Brazil. We highlight a group of seven overlapping individuals (Fig. 1), the posture adopted by solitary males (Figs 2 and 3), and the position adopted by pups in the maternity colony (Figs 4 and 5) inside the refuge.
Figure 8 in The Late Cenozoic Passerine Avifauna from Rackham's Roost Site, Riversleigh, Australia
Figure 8. Comparison of fossil and extant acanthizid bones. Left carpometacarpi of (A–B) acanthizid gen. et sp. indet. QM F57928 and (C–D) Gerygone fusca AM O.66008 in (A,C) ventral and (B,D) dorsal aspects. Distal left tibiotarsi of (E) acanthizid gen. et sp. indet. QM F22796 and (F) Gerygone fusca AM O.66008 in cranial aspect. Some distinguishing features of Acanthizidae highlighted: 1, fovea lig. ventralis deep and recessed cranially; 2, ventral fossa on distal end of os metacarpale minus deep; 3, proc. dentiformis prominent and situated at proximo-distal midpoint of os metacarpale majus; 4, fovea carpalis caudalis small and shallow; 5, distal shaft narrow with respect to width of distal end; 6, pons supratendineus long; 7, lateral bony ridge for retinaculum m. fibularis well developed; 8, tuberositas retinaculi extensori lateralis prominent. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 3 in The Late Cenozoic Passerine Avifauna from Rackham's Roost Site, Riversleigh, Australia
Figure 3. Distal ulnae of (A–C) fossil meliphagid gen. et sp. indet. QM F30855 and (D–F) Meliphaga lewinii AM O.60079 (mirrored). (A,D) cranial, (B,E) caudal and (C,F) dorsal aspects. Some characteristic features of Meliphagidae shown: 1, depressio radialis deep; 2, tub. carpale short and perpendicular to the shaft long axis; 3, condylus dorsalis far greater in proximal extent than condylus ventralis; 4, sulcus intercondylaris deep both caudally and distally; 5, papillae remigales caudales low; 6, condylus dorsalis protrudes well caudally from the shaft. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 4 in The Late Cenozoic Passerine Avifauna from Rackham's Roost Site, Riversleigh, Australia
Figure 4. Carpometacarpi of fossil Meliphagidae gen. et sp. indet., compared with those of extant meliphagid species in (A,C,E,G,I) ventral and (B,D,F,H,J) dorsal aspects. (A–B) QM F57899, right carpometacarpus. (C–D) Manorina melanocephala AM O.59876. (E–F) QM F22794, proximal left carpometacarpus. (G–H) AR17407, left carpometacarpus. (I–J) Gliciphila melanops AM O.65515. Some characteristic features of Meliphagidae shown: 1, distal edge of facies articularis alularis situated proximally of the level of the fovea lig. ventralis; 2, fovea lig. ventralis large; 3, distal end of os metacarpale majus broad and its cranial extent is greater than that of proc. dentiformis; 4, fossa on ventral surface of distal end of os metacarpale minus; 5, fovea carpalis caudalis deep, its distal margin located distally of the level of proc. cranialis; 6, broad fossa at distal end of sulcus tendinosus. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 12 in The Late Cenozoic Passerine Avifauna from Rackham's Roost Site, Riversleigh, Australia
Figure 12. Humeri of (A,D–F,I–J) fossil Petroicidae gen. et sp. indet. compared with those of (B,G) Microeca fascinans AM O.65147 and (C,H) Petroica phoenicea AM O.60008. (A,F) QM F 57901 left humerus. (D,I) QM F 50576, right humerus. (E,J) QM F 36366, distal left humerus. (A–E) caudal view, (F–J) cranial view. Some distinguishing features of Petroicidae shown: 1, crista deltopectoralis terminates well distally of crista bicipitalis; 2, proc. supracondylaris dorsalis broad with two apices; 3, fossa pneumotricipitalis II shallow and separate from fossa tricipitails I; 4, sulcus humerotricipitalis shallow; 5, proc. flexorius truncate and only slightly extends distally further than condylus dorsalis; 6, fossa pneumotricipitalis I pneumatic; 7, margo caudalis short and very low; 8, sulcus scapulotricipitalis wide and shallow; 9, distal end well expanded dorsally and 10, ventrally. Arrows indicate tooth punctures. Scale = 2 mm.
Figure 16 in The Late Cenozoic Passerine Avifauna from Rackham's Roost Site, Riversleigh, Australia
Figure 16. Tarsometatarsi of (B–G) fossil Megalurus sp. compared with the corresponding bones of (A) M. timoriensis AM O.65209 and (H) M. cruralis AM O.59220 in dorsal view. (B) QM F57934, left tarsometatarsus; (C) QM F30360, proximal left; (D) QM F57936, distal left; (E) QM F57937, distal left; (F) QM F30375, distal right; (G) QM F57935, distal left. Some distinguishing features labelled as follows: 1, impressio lig. collateralis medialis at about level with arcus extensorius; 2, lateral foramen vasculare proximale large; 3, tuberositas m. tibialis cranialis located distally adjacent of arcus extensorius and medially of shaft midpoint; 4, foramen vasculare distale situated proximally of incisura intertrochlearis lateralis by distance of ≥ 2× length of tr IV; 5, tr II similar width to tr III; 6, incisura intertrochlearis medialis narrow; 7, medial rim of tr II greater in distal and dorsal extents than lateral rim; 8, distal edge of tr IV at disto-lateral angle to shaft long axis. Arrows indicate different extent of medial protrusion of trochlea metatarsi II. Scale = 2 mm.
Figure 6 in The Late Cenozoic Passerine Avifauna from Rackham's Roost Site, Riversleigh, Australia
Figure 6. Proximal left tarsometatarsi of (A) fossil meliphagid gen. et sp. indet. QM F36374 and (B) Stomiopera unicolor AM O.70570 in dorsal aspect. Some distinguishing features for Meliphagidae shown: 1, cotyla medialis greater in proximal extent than cotyla lateralis; 2, impressio lig. collateralis medialis situated distally of arcus extensorius; 3, tuberositas m. tibialis cranialis located well distally of arcus extensorius and medially of the shaft midpoint. Scale bar = 2 mm.
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