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21 results for “root competition”
Raw data used in Kumar et al. 2020: Barley shoot biomass responds strongly to N:P stoichiometry and intraspecific competition, whereas roots only alter their foraging
<p>Raw data used in Kumar et al. 2020: Barley shoot biomass responds strongly to N:P stoichiometry and intraspecific competition, whereas roots only alter their foraging</p>
Belowground plant competition: Uncoupling root response strategies of peas
<p>Belowground plant competition was shown to induce varying responses, from increases to decreases in root biomass allocation or in directional root placement. Such inconsistencies could result from the fact that root allocation and directional growth were seldom studied together, even though they might represent different strategies. Moreover, variations in belowground responses might be due to different size hierarchies between plants, but this hypothesis was not studied previously. In a greenhouse rhizobox experiment, we examined the way both root allocation and directional root placement of <em>Pisum sativum</em> are affected by the size and density of <em>Festuca glauca</em> neighbors, and by nutrient distribution. We found that root allocation of <em>P. sativum</em> increased with the density and size of <em>F. glauca</em>. In contrast, directional root placement was unaffected by neighbor size and either increased toward or away from neighbors when nutrients were patchily or uniformly distributed, respectively. These results demonstrate that directional root placement under competition is contingent on the distribution of soil resources. Interestingly, our results suggest that root allocation and directional placement might be uncoupled strategies that simultaneously provide stress tolerance and spatial responsiveness to neighbors, thus highlighting the importance of measuring both when studying belowground plant competition.</p>
Competition and co-association, but not phosphorous availability, shape the benefits of phosphate solubilising root bacteria for maize (Zea mays).
<p>Predicting the conditions under which rhizobacteria benefit plant growth remains challenging. Here we tested the hypothesis that benefits from inoculation with phosphate-solubilising rhizobacteria will depend upon two environmental conditions: phosphate availability and competition between bacteria. Maize-associated rhizobacteria with varying phosphate solubilisation ability were used in experiments in soil, sterilised soil and gnotobiotic microcosms under conditions of varying orthophosphate availability, while we manipulated intensity of competition by varying the number of isolates in plant inocula. Growth promotion by microbes did not depend on phosphate availability but was affected by interactions between inoculants: beneficial effects of one <em>Serratia </em>isolate were detectable only when plants were inoculated with a single strain and beneficial effects of a competition sensitive <em>Rhizobium </em>was only detectable in sterilised soil or in microcosms inoculated with single strains. Moreover, microcosm experiments suggested that facilitation of a parasitic isolate, not competitive interactions between bacteria, prevented plants from gaining benefits from a potential mutualist. Competition and facilitation affected colonization of plants in microcosms but growth promotion by <em>Serratia</em> was more affected by inoculation treatment than culturable densities on roots<em>.</em> Experimental manipulation of seed inocula can reveal whether plant growth stimulation is robust with respect to competition, as well as the ecological strategies of different rhizobacteria. From an applied perspective, phosphate solubilisation may not provide the mechanism for bacterial growth promotion but may indicate mutualistic potential due to phylogenetic associations. Importantly, benefits to plants are vulnerable to interactions between rhizobacteria and may not persist in mixed inoculations.</p>
Belowground plant competition: Uncoupling root response strategies of peas
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Data from: Root traits and soil legacies drive species competition outcomes
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Root biomass data: Traits: Competition and Resource Reduction for Five Grass Species Grown in Monoculture and Competition in Soils with Different Nitrogen Availabilities
This experiment was designed to determine the relationships between plant traits, successional status, and resource reduction for five grass species that were grown for three years in monoculture in replicated field plots on soils prepared to have different availabilities of nitrogen. It also determines the results of competition experiments among various combinations of these species as well as the differing feedback effects of each species on soil nitrogen mineralization rates. All of this work has motivated the desire to more fully understand the mechanisms of interactions among plants and their resources, in the belief that this might eventually allow predictions of the dynamics, diversity, and composition of plant communities.
Root biomass data: Plant Competition Under Different Nitrogen Levels:A Garden Experiment
This garden plot experiment is located next to the E026 gardens in Field E (Old Field 44). This garden contained monocultures of major grass species from across the grassland biome of North America, and also 3 legume species (E070). The design and purpose were similar to E026, except the plots were larger. The basic experimental design consisted of growing plants in monoculture and in various competitive combinations on each of 14 different soil mixtures. In 1988 a bulldozer was used to remove 30 inches of top soil at the site. To each plot a certain amount of black dirt, ranging from 0.3 inches to 10 inches, was added. Total carbon ranged from 0.1928% to 5.63134% and total nitrogen ranged from 0.0158% to 0.4591%. The exact amounts of black soil added to each plot are described in the field operations. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 \
Root carbon/nitrogen data: Tree Competition Garden
This experiment was set up adjacent to E055 in the high disturbance, garden area. 1.75 inches of black soil was added to the CCNHA sandy soil to make four 10 feet x 54 feet plots. The soil was rototilled and aluminum flashing was installed to edge the plots and divide them into 48, 5 feet x 9 feet plots. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and late June. For a describtion of fertilizer added, see fertilization details. Seeds were planted with 6 replicates of each of the following treatments: 1. Agropyron repens monoculture 2. Schizachyrium scoparium monoculture 3. Pinus strobus monoculture 4. Quercus ellipsoidalis monoculture 5. Agropyron repens + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 6. Agropyron repens + Pinus strobus on half 7. Schizachyrium scoparium + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 8. Schizachyrium scoparium + Pinus strobus on half The competition plots were split, with half invaded by seed and half to be invaded by seedling. For treatments 5-8, the right or left sides were chosen at random, to plant the tree seeds. The plots were watered throughout the growing season to keep water from becoming a limiting resource.
Root biomass data: Tree Competition Garden
This experiment was set up adjacent to E055 in the high disturbance, garden area. 1.75 inches of black soil was added to the CCNHA sandy soil to make four 10 feet x 54 feet plots. The soil was rototilled and aluminum flashing was installed to edge the plots and divide them into 48, 5 feet x 9 feet plots. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and late June. For a describtion of fertilizer added, see fertilization details. Seeds were planted with 6 replicates of each of the following treatments: 1. Agropyron repens monoculture 2. Schizachyrium scoparium monoculture 3. Pinus strobus monoculture 4. Quercus ellipsoidalis monoculture 5. Agropyron repens + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 6. Agropyron repens + Pinus strobus on half 7. Schizachyrium scoparium + Quercus ellipsoidalis on half 8. Schizachyrium scoparium + Pinus strobus on half The competition plots were split, with half invaded by seed and half to be invaded by seedling. For treatments 5-8, the right or left sides were chosen at random, to plant the tree seeds. The plots were watered throughout the growing season to keep water from becoming a limiting resource.
Root biomass data: Legume Competition Garden
This experiment was established on top of subplots 24, 25 and 26 of E055 (1.2m X 1.2m plots). Sheet metal was installed to divide the subplots into 4 equal parts (subplots are 1.2m x 1.2m, sub-subplots are .6m x .6m). The resulting 12 sub-subplots (4/subplot = 12/plot) were planted according to the following treatments: 1. LC seed on top of established SS 2. AC seed on top of established SS 3. no seed added to established SS 4. PP seed on top of established SS 5. AC seed vs SS seed 6. LC seed vs SS seed 7. PP seed vs SS seed 8. LC seed vs AC seed vs PP seed vs SS seed 9. AC seed 10. LC seed 11. Bare ground (no seeds added) 12. PP seed Where LC=Lespedeza capitata, AC=Amorpha canescens, PP=Petalostemum purpureum, and SS=Schizachyrium scoparium. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and Late June. For further information, see fertilization details.
Root carbon/nitrogen data: Legume Competition Garden
This experiment was established on top of subplots 24, 25 and 26 of E055 (1.2m X 1.2m plots). Sheet metal was installed to divide the subplots into 4 equal parts (subplots are 1.2m x 1.2m, sub-subplots are .6m x .6m). The resulting 12 sub-subplots (4/subplot = 12/plot) were planted according to the following treatments: 1. LC seed on top of established SS 2. AC seed on top of established SS 3. no seed added to established SS 4. PP seed on top of established SS 5. AC seed vs SS seed 6. LC seed vs SS seed 7. PP seed vs SS seed 8. LC seed vs AC seed vs PP seed vs SS seed 9. AC seed 10. LC seed 11. Bare ground (no seeds added) 12. PP seed Where LC=Lespedeza capitata, AC=Amorpha canescens, PP=Petalostemum purpureum, and SS=Schizachyrium scoparium. Equal amounts of MgSO4, CaCO3, P2O5 and K2O are added to the plots each year in early May and Late June. For further information, see fertilization details.
Mycorrhizal phosphorus efficiencies and microbial competition drive root P uptake
<p>Phosphorus (P) availability shows large differences among different soil types, affecting P nutrition of forest trees. Chemical binding of P to soil moieties affects partitioning of P between soil particles and solution, affecting soluble P concentrations upon which plants, their associated mycorrhizal symbionts, and microbes feed. The goal of this study was to characterize root P uptake by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root tips in competition with microbes <i>in situ</i> in the organic and mineral layer of a P-rich and a P-poor forest. We used intact soil cores (0.2m depth) from beech (<i>Fagus sylvatica</i>) forests to tracing the fate of <sup>33</sup>P in soil, plant and microbial fractions. We used the dilution of <sup>33</sup>P in the rhizosphere of each soil layer to estimate the enrichment with new P in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root tips and root P uptake. In soil cores from P-rich conditions, 25% and 75% of root P uptake occurred in the organic and mineral layer, respectively, whereas in the P-poor forest, 60% occurred in the organic and 40% in the mineral layer. Mycorrhizal P efficiency, determined as enrichment of new P in mycorrhizal root tips, differed between soil layers. Root P uptake was correlated with mycorrhizal P efficiency and root tip abundance but not with root tip abundance as a single factor. This finding underpins the importance of the regulation of mycorrhizal P acquisition for root P supply. The composition of mycorrhizal assemblages differed between forests but not between soil layers. Therefore, differences in P efficiencies resulted from physiological adjustments of the symbionts. Non-mycorrhizal root tips were rare and exhibited lower enrichment with new P than mycorrhizal root tips. Their contribution to root P supply was negligible. Microbes were strong competitors for P in P-poor but not in P-rich soil. Understory roots were present in the P-rich soil but did not compete for P. Our results uncover regulation of mycorrhizal P efficiencies and highlight the complexity of biotic and abiotic factors that govern P supply to trees in forest ecosystems.</p>
Data from: Effect of plant root symbionts on performance of native woody species in competition with an invasive grass in multispecies microcosms
The majority of terrestrial plants form mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobia (i.e. nitrogen fixing bacteria). Understanding these associations has important implications for ecological theory and for restoration practice. Here we tested whether the presence of AMF and rhizobia influence the performance of native woody plants invaded by a non-native grass in experimental microcosms. We planted eight plant species (i.e. Acacia acuminata, A. microbotrya, Eucalyptus loxophleba subsp. loxophleba, E. astringens, Calothamnus quadrifidus, Callistemon phoeniceus, Hakea lissocarpha and H. prostrata) in microcosms of field-conditioned soil with and without addition of AMF and rhizobia in a fully factorial experimental design. After seedling establishment, we seeded half the microcosms with an invasive grass Bromus diandrus. We measured shoot and root biomass of native plants and Bromus, and on roots, the percentage colonization by AMF, number of rhizobia-forming nodules and number of proteaceous root clusters. We found no effect of plant root symbionts or Bromus addition on performance of myrtaceous, and as predicted, proteaceous species as they rely little or not at all on AMF and rhiozbia. Soil treatments with AMF and rhiozbia had a strong positive effect (i.e. larger biomass) on native legumes (A. microbotrya and A. acuminata). However, the beneficial effect of root symbionts on legumes became negative (i.e. lower biomass and less nodules) if Bromus was present, especially for one legume, i.e. A. acuminata, suggesting a disruptive effect of the invader on the mutualism. We also found a stimulating effect of Bromus on root nodule production in A. microbotrya and AMF colonization in A. acuminata which could be indicative of legumes' increased resource acquisition requirement, i.e. for nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, in response to the Bromus addition. We have demonstrated the importance of measuring belowground effects because the aboveground effects gave limited indication of the effects occuring belowground.
Data from: Effect of plant root symbionts on performance of native woody species in competition with an invasive grass in multispecies microcosms
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Mycorrhizal phosphorus efficiencies and microbial competition drive root P uptake
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Data from: Belowground competition favors character convergence but not character displacement in root traits
<p>1. Character displacement can play a major role in species ecology and evolution, however, research testing whether character displacement can influence the evolution of root traits in plant systems remains scarce in the literature. Here we investigated the potential that character displacement may influence the evolution of root traits using two closely related morning glory species, <i>Ipomoea purpurea</i> and <i>I. hederacea</i>.</p> <p>2. We performed a field experiment where we grew the common morning glory, <i>I. purpurea</i>, in the presence and absence of competition from <i>I. hederacea</i> and examined the potential that the process of character displacement could influence the evolution of root traits.</p> <p>3. We found maternal line variation in root phenotypes and evidence that belowground competition acts as an agent of selection on these traits. Our test of character displacement, however, showed evidence of character <i>convergenc</i>e on our measure of root architecture rather than <i>displacement</i>. These results suggest that plants may be constrained by their local environments to express a phenotype that enhances fitness. Therefore, the conditions of the competitive environment experienced by a plant may influence the potential for character convergence<i> </i>or displacement to influence the evolution of root traits.</p>
Belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits
<p>Although root traits play a critical role in mediating plant-plant interactions and resource acquisition from the soil environment, research examining if and how belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits remains largely unexplored. Here we examine the potential that root traits may evolve as a target of selection from interspecific competition using <i>Ipomoea purpurea </i>and <i>I. hederacea, </i>two closely related morning glory species that commonly co-occur in the United States as a model system. We show that belowground competitive interactions between the two species can alter the pattern of selection on root traits in each species. Specifically, competition with <i>I. purpurea</i> changes the pattern of selection on root angle in <i>I. hederacea</i>, and competitive interactions with <i>I. hederacea</i> changes the pattern of selection on root size in <i>I. purpurea</i>. However, we did not uncover evidence that intraspecific competition altered the pattern of selection on any root traits within <i>I. hederacea</i>. Overall, our results suggest that belowground competition between closely related species<i> </i>can influence the phenotypic evolution of root traits in natural populations. Our findings provide a microevolutionary perspective of how competitive belowground interactions may impact plant fitness, potentially leading to patterns of plant community structure.</p>
Data from: Intense competition between arbuscular mycorrhizal mutualists in an in vitro root microbiome negatively affects total fungal abundance
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Data from: In the presence of specialist root and shoot herbivory, invasive-range Brassica nigra populations have stronger competitive effects than native-range populations
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Belowground competition can influence the evolution of root traits
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