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39 results for “salmonid fish”
Fig. 3 in Behavioral Responses Of Salmonid Fingerlings To New Invasive Fish Predator Perccottus Glenii
Fig. 3. Video recording of the experiment. The biggest fish is the predator Perccottus glenii, smaller - tiger trout fingerlings.
Fig. 1 in Behavioral Responses Of Salmonid Fingerlings To New Invasive Fish Predator Perccottus Glenii
Fig. 1. Scheme of the experimental basin and video recordering. Black fish – predator, white fishes – fingerlings, gray – pipe for releasing of predator.
Individual variation in spawning migration timing in a salmonid fish—exploring roles of environmental and social cues
<p><span>Describing and explaining patterns of individual animal behaviors in situ, and their repeatability over the annual cycle, is an emerging field in ecology owing largely to advances in tagging technology. We describe individual movements of adult Sakhalin taimen, <em>Parahucho</em> <em>perryi</em>, an endangered salmonid fish, in the headwaters of a river in northern Japan during the spring spawning season over two years. Migration timing, separated into stages prior to, during, and following the spawning period, was found to be more consistent and repeatable for females than males. We hypothesized that the observed coordinated movement within seasons, and repeatability in migration timing across seasons, could result from 1) individual-specific responsiveness resulting from endogenous, biological traits that are mediated by environmental factors, or 2) social interactions among comigrating individuals. We found that water temperature and water level experienced by fish near the river mouth approximately a week before arrival at the spawning ground explained variability in run timing between years for females but not males. We found no evidence of conspecific attraction or repulsion resulting from social interactions among the spawners and post-spawners. We conclude that individual-specific responsiveness to environmental cues was the likely mechanism underpinning the observed migration timing and movement patterns.</span></p>
Data and code from: Seasonal timing of ecosystem linkage mediates life-history variation in a salmonid fish population
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Individual variation in spawning migration timing in a salmonid fish—exploring roles of environmental and social cues
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Species-informative GT-seq markers for Columbia River salmonid fishes: Genotypic data and computing resources
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The bite force-gape relationship as an avenue of biomechanical adaptation to trophic niche in two salmonid fishes
<p>All skeletal muscles produce their largest forces at a single optimal length, losing force when stretched or shortened. In vertebrate feeding systems, this fundamental force-length relationship translates to variation in bite force across gape, which affects the food types that can be eaten effectively. We measured the bite force-gape curves of two sympatric species: king salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>) and pink salmon (<em>O. gorbuscha</em>). Cranial anatomical measurements are not significantly different between species, however, peak bite forces are produced at significantly different gapes. Maximum bite force is achieved at 67% of maximum gape for king salmon and 43% of maximum gape for pink salmon. This may allow king salmon to use greater force when eating large or elusive prey. In contrast, pink salmon do not require high forces at extreme gapes for filter feeding. Our results illustrate that the bite force-gape relationship is an important ecophysiological axis of variation.</p>
Captive-bred populations of a partially migratory salmonid fish are unlikely to maintain migratory polymorphism in natural habitats
Supplementation of wild populations with captive-bred individuals is often ineffective for boosting long-term productivity of wild populations. On the other hand, it remains unknown whether supplementation can act to maintain life-history variation in natural habitats, which is also important for the long-term persistence of populations and species. Partial migration, in which both migratory and resident individuals are maintained in a population, is commonly found across animal taxa. However, human-induced habitat fragmentation continues to cause rapid decline in a migratory phenotype among many natural populations. By using field and hatchery experiments, we here demonstrated that while migrants and residents could be maintained in captive environments, few fish became migrants in natural streams in red-spotted masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae. Released captive-bred fish rarely reached the threshold body size necessary to become migrants in natural streams, presumably due to lower growth condition in natural than in captive environments. The decision to migrate is often considered a threshold trait in salmonids and other animal taxa. Our findings highlight the need for supplementation programs to acknowledge environmentally induced changes in life-history decisions for partially migratory species.
Natural toxic impact and thyroid signaling interplay orchestrates riverine adaptive divergence of salmonid fish
<p>Abstract 1. Adaptive radiation in fishes has been actively investigated over the last decades. Along with numerous well-studied cases of lacustrine radiation, some examples of riverine sympatric divergence have been recently discovered. In contrast to the lakes, the riverine conditions do not provide evident stability in the ecological gradients. Consequently, external factors triggering the radiation, as well as developmental mechanisms underpinning it, remain unclear. 2. Herein, we present the comprehensive study of external and internal drivers of the riverine adaptive divergence of the salmonid fish Salvelinus malma. In the Kamchatka River, N-E Asia, this species splits in the reproductively isolated morphs that drastically differ in ecology and morphology: the benthivorous Dolly Varden (DV) and the piscivorous Stone charr (SC). 3. To understand why and how these morphs originated, we performed a series of field and experimental work, including common-garden rearing, comparative ontogenetic, physiological and endocrinological analyses, hormonal "engineering" of phenotypes, and acute toxicological tests. 4. We revealed that the type of spawning ground acts as the main external factor driving the radiation of S. malma. In contrast to DV spawning in the leaf krummholz zone, SC reproduces in the zone of coniferous forest, which litter has a toxic impact on developing fishes. SC enhances resistance to the toxicants via metabolism acceleration provided by the elevated thyroid hormone content. These physiological changes lead to the multiple heterochronies resulting in a specific morphology and SC's expansion into a piscivorous niche. 5. Salvelinus malma represents a notable example of how the thyroid axis contributes to the generation of diverse phenotypic outcomes underlying the riverine sympatric divergence. Our findings, along with the paleoecology data concerning spruce forest distribution during the Pleistocene, provide an opportunity to reconstruct a scenario of S. malma divergence. Taken together, obtained results with the data of the role of thyroid hormones in the ontogeny and diversification of fishes contribute a resource to consider the thyroid axis as a prime director orchestrating the phenotypic plasticity promoting evolutionary diversification under the changing environmental conditions. 06-Jan-2021</p>
Heterogeneous genetic basis of age at maturity in salmonid fishes
<p>Understanding the genetic basis of repeated evolution of the same phenotype across taxa is a fundamental aim in evolutionary biology and has applications to conservation and management. However, the extent to which interspecific life-history trait polymorphisms share evolutionary pathways remains under-explored. We address this gap by studying the genetic basis of a key life-history trait, age at maturity, in four species of Pacific salmon (genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i>) that exhibit intra- and interspecific variation in this trait – Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, Sockeye Salmon, and Steelhead Trout. We tested for associations in all four species between age at maturity and two genome regions, <i>six6 </i>and <i>vgll3</i>, that are strongly associated with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>). We also conducted a genome-wide association analysis in Steelhead to assess whether additional regions were associated with this trait. We found the genetic basis of age at maturity to be heterogeneous across salmonid species. Significant associations between <i>six6 </i>and age at maturity were observed in two of the four species, Sockeye and Steelhead, with the association in Steelhead being particularly strong in both sexes (p = 4.46x10<sup>-9</sup> after adjusting for genomic inflation). However, no significant associations were detected between age at maturity and the <i>vgll3 </i>genome region in any of the species, despite its strong association with the same trait in Atlantic Salmon. We discuss possible explanations for the heterogeneous nature of the genetic architecture of this key life-history trait, as well as the implications of our findings for conservation and management.</p>
Data from: Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?
Partial migration is a common phenomenon wherein populations include migratory and resident individuals. Whether an individual migrates or not has important ecological and management implications, particularly within protected populations. Within partially migratory populations of O. mykiss, migration is highly correlated with a specific genomic region, but it is unclear how well this region predicts migration at the individual level. Here, we relate sex and life history genotype, determined using >400 SNPs on the migratory-linked genomic region, to life history expression of marked juvenile O. mykiss from two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, northern California. Most resident fish were resident-genotypes (57% resident, 37% heterozygous, 6% migratory genotype) and male (78%). Most migratory fish were female (62%), but were a mixture of genotypes (30% resident, 45% heterozygous, 25% migratory genotype). Sex was more strongly correlated with life history expression than genotype, but the best-supported model included both. Resident genotypes regularly migrated, highlighting the importance of conserving the full suite of life history and genetic diversity in partially migratory populations.
Fig. 2 in Behavioral Responses Of Salmonid Fingerlings To New Invasive Fish Predator Perccottus Glenii
Fig. 2. Large adult Perccottus glenii male used in the experiment.
Data from: Do precipitation extremes drive growth and migration timing of a Pacific salmonid fish in Mediterranean‐climate streams?
Climate change is expected to increase weather extremes and variability, including more frequent weather whiplashes or extreme swings between severe drought and extraordinarily wet years. Shifts in precipitation patterns will alter stream flow regimes, affecting critical life history stages of sensitive aquatic organisms. Understanding how threatened fish species, such as steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), are affected by stream flows in years with contrasting environmental conditions is important for their conservation. Here, we report how extreme wet and dry years, from 2015 to 2018, affected stream flow patterns in two tributaries to the South Fork Eel River, California, USA, and aspects of O. mykiss ecology, including over‐summer fish growth and body condition as well as spring out‐migration timing. We found that stream flow patterns differed across years in the timing and magnitude of large winter–spring flow events and in summer low‐flow levels. We were surprised to find that differences in stream flows did not impact growth, body condition, or timing of out‐migration of O. mykiss. Fish growth was limited in the late summer in these streams (average of 0.02 ± 0.05 mm/d), but was similar across dry and wet years, and so was end‐of‐summer body condition and pool‐specific biomass loss from the beginning to the end of the summer. Similarly, O. mykiss migrated out of tributaries during the last week of March/first week of April regardless of the timing of spring flow events. We suggest that the muted response to inter‐annual hydrologic variability is due to the high quality of habitat provided by these unimpaired, groundwater‐fed tributaries. Similar streams that are likely to maintain cool temperatures and sufficient base flows, even in the driest years, should be a high priority for conservation and restoration efforts.
Rapid hyperthyroidism-induced adaptation of Salmonid fish in response to environmental pollution
<p><span>The streams draining volcanic landscapes are often characterized by a complex of factors that negatively affect hydrobionts and lead to a decline of their populations. However, in a number of cases, hydrobionts ensure the resilience of populations througth a range of rapid adaptive changes. Here, we present both field and experimental data shedding light on the physiological basis of adaptation in populations of Dolly Varden charr (<em>Salvelinus malma</em>) differing in the duration of isolation in volcanic streams contaminated with heavy metals. The study reveals that isolated populations have a physiological phenotype that distinguishes them from the populations inhabiting clean waters. They are characterized by a hyperthyroid status accompanied by an increased metabolic rate, elevated activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased ionic conductivity of tissues and reduced stored energetic reserves. The experimental data elucidate that hyperthyroidism is an adaptive characteristic enhancing the resistance to heavy metal contamination and shaping the evolution of these populations. The similarity of physiological, developmental and morphological changes in isolated populations suggests a common source and mechanisms underpinning their "evolutionary rescue". Thus, populations of <em>S. malma</em> trapped in volcanic streams represent a genuine case of a rapid neuroendocrine-driven adaptation to changing environmental stimuli.</span></p>
Natural toxic impact and thyroid signaling interplay orchestrates riverine adaptive divergence of salmonid fish
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Rapid hyperthyroidism-induced adaptation of Salmonid fish in response to environmental pollution
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Data from: Do precipitation extremes drive growth and migration timing of a Pacific salmonid fish in Mediterranean‐climate streams?
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Anatomy of a range contraction: Flow-phenology mismatches threaten salmonid fishes near their trailing edge
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Data from: Do genomics and sex predict migration in a partially migratory salmonid fish, Oncorhynchus mykiss?
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Captive-bred populations of a partially migratory salmonid fish are unlikely to maintain migratory polymorphism in natural habitats
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