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6 results for “saprophyte”
Palaearctic origin and repeated dispersal over the world shaped the biogeographic history of the saprophytic genus Coprinopsis (Psathyrellaceae, Basidiomycota)
<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The biogeographic history of most fungi is still poorly known, as well as the patterns and processes responsible for their diversification. Recent studies uncovered that most fungi have originated and present higher diversification rates in the temperate zone. The distributional pattern known for fungi is also different from many plants, animals and microbes. Using the most comprehensive phylogeny of the saprotrophic genus <em>Coprinopsis</em>, we aim to infer the biogeographic history and test evolutionary hypotheses in the genus.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> Worldwide</p> <p><strong>Taxon:</strong> Fungi, Basidiomycota, Psathyrellaceae, <em>Coprinopsis</em></p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used a four-gene alignment with 100 species to estimate divergence times using two fossil calibrations within Agaricales. The chronograms were used to estimate diversification rates and geographic state-dependent models were applied. We further reconstructed the ancestral range history of the genus.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Molecular dating estimated that the genus has diverged ca. 41 Ma (Eocene) and originated in the Palaearctic region. Diversification rates showed a decreasing pattern towards the present across <em>Coprinopsis, </em>especially after the Miocene (ca. 14 Ma). The diversification models dependent on distribution showed cosmopolitan lineages with higher net-diversification rates. When we compared temperate and tropical regions, we found that temperate lineages have higher net-diversification rates. The biogeographic history of <em>Coprinopsis</em> estimated different routes of dispersal. The most common dispersal route was from the Palaearctic to the Nearctic (15 times), followed by the Palaeartic to the Neotropics (14 times).</p> <p><strong>Main Conclusions:</strong> The study is the first to estimate the diversification rates and the historical biogeography of the coprinoid genus <em>Coprinopsis</em>. The diversification dynamics estimates in <em>Coprinopsis</em> are in agreement with the "generalized diversification rates model", where we found higher diversification rates in temperate regions compared to tropical regions. In general, the ancestral area and major dispersal routes recovered in the genus are similar to findings in other groups of fungi. </p>
Palaearctic origin and repeated dispersal over the world shaped the biogeographic history of the saprophytic genus Coprinopsis (Psathyrellaceae, Basidiomycota)
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Bayesian mimicry in the non-rewarding saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii
<p>Bayesian mimicry, a type of deceptive pollination, is a complicated strategy used by non-rewarding plants to attract pollinators, but some hypotheses concerning this phenomenon have not been systematically verified. In order to show in detail a case of Bayesian mimicry on saprophytic orchid <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii</span></i> in this study, we compared floral characteristics of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>Lysimachia alfredi </span></i>as well as the pollination behavior of the insect <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp<i><span>.</span></i> towards the two species<i><span>. Lysimachia alfredi</span></i> can provide a reward to <i><span>Dufourea</span></i> sp., whereas <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>cannot<i><span>. </span></i>The flowering phenology and geographical distribution of these two plants are highly overlapping. Statistical analysis of quadrat and <i><span>L. alfredi</span></i> transplanting test data revealed that the fruit set rate of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>was significantly positively correlated with the number of nearby <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>individuals. In a glass cylinder experiment, <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>attracted <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp. through visual signals, but the insect could not distinguish between flowers of the two plants before landing on flowers. We observed that the ultraviolet reflection spectra of <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>and <i><span>L. alfredi </span></i>are highly similar. In addition, we found that the hexagonal color models of the two plants are consistent with the bee's visual characteristics, thus indicating that the visual signals of the flowers of the two plants are greatly similar. All of these results provide evidence that <i><span>Danxiaorchis yangii </span></i>simulates the visual signals of <i><span>L. alfredi</span></i> through <span class="15"><span>Batesian </span></span>mimicry, thereby deceivingly attracting <i><span>Dufourea </span></i>sp.</p>
Bayesian mimicry in the non-rewarding saprophytic orchid Danxiaorchis yangii
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Data from: Quantifying dispersal of a non-aggressive saprophytic bark beetle
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Saprophytically grown Fov
GEO Series GSE2545. Gossypium hirsutum. 3 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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