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Litter decomposition is moderated by scale-dependent microenvironmental variation in tundra ecosystems
<p><strong>QHI_crop.tiff </strong>= We carried out topographic surveys using unoccupied aerial vehicles photogrammetry in August 2017. We used three UAV platforms to collect RGB multispectral data at a fine (3 cm) spatial resolution: DJI Phantom 4 Pro and Advanced (multicopter), and Phantom FX-61 (fixed wing), and used used structure from motion with multiview steriopsis to obtain a fine-grain 10 cm spatial resolution digital surface model and orthomosaic as described in Cunliffe et al. (2019a, 2019b).</p> <p><strong>thermsum.tif </strong>= We used the microclima package in R (Kearney et al., 2020; Maclean et al., 2019) to model surface air temperature at a 1-m spatial grain. Using our fine resolution DSM, we modelled mean surface temperatures at the study site for each day spanning the teabag burial period of 13th July to 9th August 2017. The microclima model incorporates local daily climate, radiation, cloud cover and coastal exposure data from gridded global datasets derived from RCNEP (<a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?broken=Zl6wgI">Kemp et al., 2012)</a>. We summed the 28 TIF files produced through this modelling technique to produce a 28-day thermal sum variable - a metric which captures the overall heating of the ground surface over the course of the experiment.</p> <p><strong>Cited Works:</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Cunliffe, A., I. Myers-Smith. J. Kerby and W. Palmer (2019a). Orthomosaic of permafrost landscape on Qikiqtaruk – Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada: August 2017. NERC Polar Data Centre. DOI:10.5285/29bf1c9f-a39a-452c-b9f9-de35d9fb9179.</p> <p> </p> <p>Cunliffe, A., G. Tanski, B. Radosavljevic, W. Palmer, T. Sachs, H. Lantuit, J. Kerby, and I. Myers-Smith (2019b) Rapid retreat of permafrost coastline observed with aerial drone photogrammetry. The Cryosphere 13(5):1513-1528. DOI: 10.5194/tc-13-1513-2019.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.zotero.org/google-docs/?hjdBYY">Maclean, I. M. (2020). Predicting future climate at high spatial and temporal resolution. <em>Global Change Biology</em>, <em>26</em>(2), 1003–1011.</a></p> <p> </p> <p>Kearney, M. R., Gillingham, P. K., Bramer, I., Duffy, J. P., & Maclean, I. M. (2020). A method for computing hourly, historical, terrain‐corrected microclimate anywhere on Earth. <em>Methods in Ecology and Evolution</em>, <em>11</em>(1), 38-43.</p> <p> </p> <p>Kemp, M. U., Van Loon, E. E., Shamoun-Baranes, J., & Bouten, W. (2012). RNCEP: global weather and climate data at your fingertips. <em>Methods in Ecology & Evolution</em>, <em>3</em>(1), 65-70.</p> <p><strong>Paper Abstract:</strong></p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>The Arctic tundra is one of the world’s largest organic carbon stores, yet this carbon is vulnerable to accelerated decomposition as climate warming progresses. We currently know very little about landscape-scale controls of litter decomposition in tundra ecosystems, which hinders our understanding of the global carbon cycle. </strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Here, we examined how local-scale topography, surface air temperature, soil moisture and permafrost conditions influenced litter decomposition rates across a heterogeneous tundra landscape on Qikiqtaruk - Herschel Island (Yukon, Canada).</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>We used the Tea Bag Index protocol to derive decomposition metrics which we then compared across environmental gradients, including thermal sum surface temperature data derived from fine-resolution microclimate data modelled from drone derived topographic data.</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>We found greater green tea litter mass loss and faster decomposition rates in wetter and warmer areas within the landscape, and to a lesser extent in areas with deeper permafrost active layer thickness.</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Spatially heterogeneous belowground conditions (soil moisture and active layer depth) explained variation in decomposition metrics at the landscape-scale (> 10 m) better than surface temperature.</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Surprisingly, there was no strong control of elevation or slope of litter decomposition. We also found higher decomposition rates on North-facing relative to South-facing aspects at microsites that were wetter rather than warmer.</strong></p> </li> </ol>
Scale-dependent interactions between tree canopy cover and impervious surfaces reduce daytime urban heat during summer
As cities warm and the need for climate adaptation strategies increases, a more detailed understanding of the cooling effects of land-cover across a continuum of spatial scales will be necessary to guide management decisions. We asked how tree canopy cover and impervious surface cover interact to influence daytime and nighttime summer air temperature, and how effects vary with the spatial scale at which land-cover data are analyzed (10, 30, 60 and 90-m radii). A bicycle-mounted measurement system was used to sample air temperature every 5 m along 10 transects (about 7 km length, sampled 3-12 times each) spanning a range of impervious and tree canopy cover (0 to 100%, each) in a mid-sized city in the Upper Midwest, USA. Variability in daytime air temperature within the urban landscape averaged 3.5 degreeC (range 1.1 to 5.7 degreeC). Temperature decreased nonlinearly with increasing canopy cover, with the greatest cooling when canopy cover exceeded 40%. The magnitude of daytime cooling also increased with spatial scale, and was greatest at the size of a typical city block (60-90 m). Daytime air temperature increased linearly with increasing impervious cover, but the magnitude of warming was less than the cooling associated with increased canopy cover. Variation in nighttime air temperature averaged 2.1C (range 1.2 to 3.0 degreeC), and temperature increased with impervious surface. Effects of canopy were limited at night; thus, reduction of impervious surfaces remains critical for reducing nighttime urban heat. Results suggest strategies for managing urban land-cover patterns to enhance resilience of cities to climate warming.
Data and R code from: Relics of beavers past: time and population density drive scale-dependent patterns of ecosystem engineering
<p><span>Like many ecological processes, natural disturbances exhibit scale-dependent dynamics that are largely a function of the magnitude, frequency, and scale at which they are assessed. Ecosystem engineers create patch-scale disturbances that affect ecological processes, yet we know little about how these effects scale across space or vary through time. Here, we investigate how patch disturbances by beavers (<i>Castor canadensis</i>), ecosystem engineers renowned for their pond-creation behavior, affect ecological processes across space and time. We evaluated how beaver population recovery influenced surface water dynamics in relation to population density over 70 years across multiple spatial scales (pond, watershed, and regional) in northern Minnesota. Surface water area was positively related to population density at the watershed scale; however, despite variation in beaver densities (and therefore surface water area) at the watershed scale, regional-scale surface water area was stable through time. This stability appears to have been driven by asynchronous beaver density fluctuations among watersheds, combined with the increasing importance of abandoned ponds. Beavers initially created and occupied larger ponds with greater surface water area, but through time shifted towards occupying smaller ponds. As ponds accumulated on the landscape proportionally more surface water was stored within abandoned ponds, which offset the smaller size of occupied ponds. Beaver engineering—driven by density-dependent mechanisms and the legacy effects from abandoned ponds—not only follows general patterns of patch disturbance dynamics by creating a spatial mosaic of patches, but the organism-created mosaic also appears to generate ecological stability at greater spatial scales. We suggest restoring beavers to landscapes is a viable method for increasing surface water storage and will ultimately help advance numerous conservation and rewilding objectives. Our study demonstrates that ecosystem engineering effects can be scale-dependent, indicating researchers should evaluate the ecological impact of engineers across diverse spatiotemporal scales to fully understand their functional roles in ecosystems.</span></p>
Figure 2 in A sense of scale: Foraging cetaceans' use of scale-dependent multimodal sensory systems
Figure 2. Scale-of-senses schematic of the hypothetical interchange of sensory modalities used by baleen whales to locate prey at variable scales. The line for audition of signals from prey is faded to denote a lack of evidence for this sensory system in baleen whales. X-axis on log scale, with equivalent metric distance given in gray type, and associated scale below. Y-axis ranks the relative use of each sensory modality between 0 (no contribution) and 10 (highest contribution) relative to its own information capacity, not relative to other senses.
Figure 1 in A sense of scale: Foraging cetaceans' use of scale-dependent multimodal sensory systems
Figure 1. Scale-of-senses schematic of the hypothetical interchange of sensory modalities used by dolphins to locate prey at variable scales. The line for chemoreception is faded to denote a lack of support for the sensory system in dolphins. X-axis on log scale, with equivalent metric distance given in gray type, and associated scale below. Y-axis ranks the relative use of each sensory modality between 0 (no contribution) and 10 (highest contribution) relative to its own information capacity, not relative to other senses.
Figure 20 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 20. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the world's oceans; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Figure 10 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 10. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Atlantic Ocean; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Figure 23. A in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 23. A log-log plots of semivariance versus distance for tintinnid alpha-diversity (A – for distances ranged 100 to 2,500 km; B – for distances ranged 1,500 to 16,000 km). DF – fractal dimension; r - correlation coefficient.
Figure 5 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 5. Species accumulation curve for tintinnid ciliates diversity in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
Figure 8 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 8. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Mediterranean Sea; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Figure 14 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 14. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Indian Ocean; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Figure 6 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 6. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Figure 3 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 3. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Sevastopol Bay; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Figure 2 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 2. Species accumulation curve for tintinnid ciliates collected in Sevastopol Bay of the Black Sea.
Figure 1 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 1. Sample sites in the Sevastopol Bay: 1 - "2 miles"; 2 – "Ravelin"; 3 – "Cape of the Pontoon crossing"; 4 – "Sukharnaya Beam". Modified from Gavrilova & Dovgal (2019b).
Figure 18 in Biogeography of marine tintinnid ciliates (Ciliophora, Tintinnida): a Scale-Dependent Model
Figure 18. Results of cluster analysis (Simpson index) of species compositions of tintinnid ciliates in the Southern Ocean; in nodes of dendrogram, the results of bootstrap-analysis are marked.
Scale-dependent diversity-biomass relationships can be driven by tree mycorrhizal association and soil fertility
<p><span>Diversity–biomass relationships (DBRs) often vary with spatial scale in terrestrial ecosystems, but the mechanisms driving these scale-dependent patterns remain unclear, especially for highly heterogeneous forest ecosystems. This study explores how mutualistic associations between trees and different mycorrhizal fungi (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) vs. ectomycorrhizal (EM) association) modulate scale-dependent DBRs. We hypothesized that in soil-heterogeneous forests with a mixture of AM and EM tree species, (i) AM and EM tree species respond in contrasting ways (i.e., positively vs. negatively respectively) to increasing soil fertility, (ii) AM tree dominance contributes to higher tree diversity and EM tree dominance contributes to greater standing biomass and that as a result, (iii) mycorrhizal associations exert an overall negative effect on DBRs across spatial scales. To empirically test these hypotheses, we collected </span><span>detailed tree distribution and soil information (nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, pH, etc.) from seven temperate and subtropical AM-EM mixed forest mega-plots (16–50 ha). Using spatial codispersion null model and structural equation modeling, we identified the relationships among AM or EM tree dominance, soil fertility, tree species diversity and biomass, and thus DBRs across 0.01–1 ha scales. We found first evidence overall supporting the above three hypotheses in these AM-EM mixed forests: (i) In most forests, with increasing soil fertility tree communities changed from EM-dominated to AM-dominated. (ii) Increasing AM tree dominance had an overall positive effect on tree diversity and a negative effect on biomass, even after controlling for soil fertility and number of trees. Together, (iii) the changes in mycorrhizal dominance along soil fertility gradients weakened the positive DBR observed at 0.01–0.04 ha scales in nearly all forests and drove negative DBRs at 0.25–1 ha scales in four out of seven forests. Hence, this study highlights a soil-related mycorrhizal dominance mechanism that could partly explain why in many natural forests, biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships shift from positive to negative with increasing spatial scale.</span></p>
Data from: Mesocosm experiment reveals scale-dependence of movement tendencies in sticklebacks
<p><span>Habitat fragmentation can have negative impacts on migratory organisms that rely on the functional connectivity between growing and breeding grounds. Quantifying the population-level phenotypic consequences of such fragmentation requires fine-scaled tracking of individual behaviour and movements across relevant scales. We here make use of a natural experiment where some populations of 'migrant' three-spined sticklebacks (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>) became 'residents', following habitat fragmentation five decades ago. To test whether residents have a lower movement tendency than migrants, we developed a novel experimental platform that allows the automated tracking of individual movements via RFID technology in a semi-natural mesocosm where spatio-temporal scales and environmental conditions can be manipulated. We found that residents moved significantly less than migrants at large but not at small spatial scale. This pattern was consistent across time and contexts (water flow and group size). Our study substantiates prior literature on rapid phenotypic divergence in sticklebacks in response to human-induced isolation and highlights the importance of observing behaviour in ecologically relevant setups that bridge the gap between lab and field studies.</span></p>
Summer litter decomposition is moderated by scale-dependent microenvironmental variation in tundra ecosystems
<p>Tundra soils are one of the world's largest organic carbon stores, yet this carbon is vulnerable to accelerated decomposition as climate warming progresses. The landscape-scale controls of litter decomposition are poorly understood in tundra ecosystems, which hinders our understanding of the global carbon cycle. We examined the extent to which the thermal sum of surface air temperature, soil moisture and permafrost thaw depth influenced litter mass loss and decomposition rates (<em>k</em>), and at which spatial thresholds an environmental variable becomes a reliable predictor of decomposition, using the Tea Bag Index protocol across a heterogeneous tundra landscape on Qikiqtaruk - Herschel Island, Yukon, Canada. We found greater green tea litter mass loss and faster decomposition rates (<em>k</em>) in wetter areas within the landscape, and to a lesser extent in areas with deeper permafrost active layer thickness and higher surface thermal sums. We also found higher decomposition rates (<em>k</em>) on north-facing relative to south-facing aspects at microsites that were wetter rather than warmer. Spatially heterogeneous belowground conditions (soil moisture and active layer depth) explained variation in decomposition metrics at local scales (< 50 m<sup>2</sup>) better than thermal sum. Surprisingly, there was no strong control of elevation or slope on litter decomposition. Our results reveal that there is considerable scale dependency in the environmental controls of tundra litter decomposition, with moisture playing a greater role than the thermal sum at < 50 m<sup>2</sup> scales. Our findings highlight the importance and complexity of microenvironmental controls on litter decomposition in estimates of carbon cycling in a rapidly warming tundra biome.</p>
Summer litter decomposition is moderated by scale-dependent microenvironmental variation in tundra ecosystems
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