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22 results for “secondary sexual traits”
FIGURE 7 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 7 | Correlation between total length and number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: total length in cm. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 4 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 4 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus with hooks. b: base of the hook. fr: first ray. lr: last ray. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. st: hook cusp. Scales: A and B. 1.0 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 5 | Phases of testes maturation in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Immature. B. Immature intersex. C. Regressing. D. Regenerating. E. Spawning Capable (primary male). F. Spawning Capable (secondary male). bv: blood vessels. cy: germ cell cysts. dge: discontinuous germinal epithelium. in: interstice. pg: primary growing oocyte. sg: spermatogonia. s: Sertoli cell. sz: sperm. tw: testis wall. va: vacuoles. Scales: A, C, D, E. 20 µm; B, F. 50 µm. Staining: Hematoxylin and Eosin.
FIGURE 3 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 3 | Anal fin of Brycon orbignyanus without hooks. ca: callosity. fb: first fork. fr: first ray. sg: rays segment. sr: second ray. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A. 0.5 cm; B. 200 µm; C. 100 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 6 | Correlation between stages of the reproductive cycle and the number of rays with hooks in males of Brycon orbignyanus. X axis: Stages of the reproductive cycle, being, 0 – Immature specimens, 1 – Regressing, 2 – Regenerating specimens, 3 – Developing specimens, 4 – Spawning Capable specimens. Y axis: number (n°) of anal fin rays that developed hooks.
FIGURE 1 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 1 | Anal fins in Brycon orbignyanus. A. Specimen of B. orbignyanus. B. Anal fin regions. C. Rays (r). D. Anal fin rays. af: anal fin. bi: bifurcation of rays. ca: caudal region. cr: cranial region. fr: first ray. im: interradial membrane. me: medial region. sg: radius segment. Scales: A. 5 cm; B and D. 1 cm; C. 200 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Dispersion of hooks on the anal fins of primary and secondary males in Brycon orbignyanus (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a secondary sexual trait for breeder selection
FIGURE 2 | Details regarding the fins of Brycon orbignyanus. A, C and E. Rays without hooks. B, D and F. Rays with hooks. b: base. fb: first fork. r: rays. rs: rays with hooks. s: hooks. sg: rays segment. st: hooks cusp. tb: terminal bifurcation. Scales: A and B. 1 cm; C and D. 200 µm; E. 100 µm; F. 50 µm.
Vertically inherited microbiota and environment-modifying behaviors indirectly shape the exaggeration of secondary sexual traits in the gazelle dung beetle
<p><span>Many organisms actively manipulate the environment</span><span> in ways that have the potential to feed back on their own development, a process referred to as developmental niche construction</span><span>. Yet, </span><span>the role that constructed biotic and abiotic environments play in shaping phenotypic variation and its evolution is insufficiently understood. Here, we assess whether environmental modifications made by developing dung beetles impact the environment-sensitive expression of secondary sexual traits</span><span>.</span> <span>Larval gazelle dung beetles both physically modify their ontogenetic environment and structure their biotic interactions through the vertical inheritance of microbial symbionts. By experimentally eliminating i) physical environmental modifications, and ii) the vertical inheritance of microbes, we assess the degree to which (sym)biotic and physical environmental modifications shape the exaggeration of several traits </span><span>varying in their degree and direction of sexual dimorphism. We expected the experimental reduction of a larva's ability to shape its environment to affect trait size and scaling, especially for traits that are sexually dimorphic and environmentally plastic</span><span>. </span><span>We find that compromised developmental niche construction indeed shapes sexual dimorphism in overall body size and the absolute sizes of male-limited exaggerated head horns, the strongly sexually dimorphic fore tibia length and width, as well as the weakly dimorphic elytron length and width. This suggests that ontogenetic environmental modifications affect sex-specific phenotypic variation in functional traits. However, most of these effects can be attributed to nutrition-dependent plasticity in size and non-isometric trait scaling, rather than body-size-independent effects on the developmental regulation of trait size. Our findings suggest that the reciprocal relationship between developing organisms, their symbionts, and their environment can have considerable impacts on sexual dimorphism and functional morphology. </span></p>
Data from: Weak premating reproductive isolation despite divergence in secondary sexual traits in the Variable Seedeater
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Vertically inherited microbiota and environment-modifying behaviors indirectly shape the exaggeration of secondary sexual traits in the gazelle dung beetle
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Data from: Male-limited secondary sexual trait interacts with environment in determining female fitness
Selection for secondary sexual traits (SSTs) elaboration may increase intralocus sexual conflict over the optimal values of traits expressed from shared genomes. This conflict can reduce female fitness, and the resulting gender load can be exacerbated by environmental stress, with consequences for a population's ability to adapt to novel environments. However, how the evolution of SSTs interacts with environment in determining female fitness is not well understood. Here, we investigated this question using replicate lines of bulb mites selected for increased or decreased prevalence of a male SST—thickened legs used as weapons. The fitness of females from these lines was measured at a temperature to which the mites were adapted (24°C), as well as at two novel temperatures: 18°C and 28°C. We found the prevalence of the SST interacted with temperature in determining female fecundity. At 28°C, females from populations with high SST prevalence were less fecund than females from populations in which the SST was rare, but the reverse was true at 18°C. Thus, a novel environment does not universally depress female fitness more in populations with a high degree of sexually selected dimorphism. We discuss possible consequences of the interaction we detected for adaptation to novel environments.
Phylogeny and secondary sexual trait evolution in Schizocosa wolf spiders (Araneae, Lycosidae) shows evidence for multiple gains and losses of ornamentation and species delimitation uncertainty
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Data from: Selection analysis on the rapid evolution of a secondary sexual trait
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Data from: Male-limited secondary sexual trait interacts with environment in determining female fitness
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Intraspecific mating system evolution and its effect on complex male secondary sexual traits: does male-male competition increase selection on size or shape?
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Data from: Developmental plasticity for male secondary sexual traits in a group of polyphenic tropical butterflies
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Evolutionary tradeoffs between male secondary sexual traits revealed by a phylogeny of the hyperdiverse tribe Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
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Data from: Early life and transgenerational stressors impact secondary sexual traits and fitness
Developmental stress from early life challenges impacts adult phenotype across a range of species. However, the potential transgenerational consequences for adult phenotype are largely unknown. Additionally, the possible impacts of natural hatch/birth order and natal brood composition in unmanipulated broods/litters on adult performance has been understudied. This experiment takes a novel approach to studying developmental stress by integrating and assessing multiple potential stressors and multiple secondary sexual traits simultaneously in order to determine how these influence both social and genetic reproductive success. Male zebra finches were colony-reared on high- or low-quality diets; as adults, they reproduced competitively on an intermediate diet. Male visual ornaments (beak color and cheek patch size) were found to be reliable signals of developmental stress, since they showed high sensitivity to multiple early conditions and predicted reproductive success. Contrary to the nutritional stress hypothesis, early diet did not impact song traits investigated. Male reproductive success was impacted by diet history, male hatch order, and natal brood traits of males' fathers, with daughter and son production sensitive to different subsets of identified reproductive stressors. Notably, diet influenced only son production and the hatch orders of males and their fathers influenced only daughter production. Findings suggest that the sexes respond differently to early life conditions, which may influence subsequent sex allocation patterns. Despite good general correspondence in patterns of social and genetic reproductive success, males that sired one or more extra-pair offspring achieved higher fitness through greater son production.
Secondary sexual trait melanization in black scavenger flies: nutritional plasticity and its evolution
<p>The black scavenger fly <em>Sepsis thoracica</em> exhibits polyphenic development resulting in alternate small black and large amber male morphs. Although the behavior, ecology, and physiology of both morphs are being scrutinized, the evolutionary origins of the nutritional polyphenism remain poorly understood. I here use a comparative approach to study variation in the degree of melanization of the forefemur —a secondary sexual trait. Melanization showed nutritional plasticity in all species and character mapping suggests polyphenic development to represent the ancestral character state that was lost repeatedly. That is, interspecific variation among the studied species is mainly caused by the loss and not the gain of polyphenic development. Coevolution between male melanization and mating system differences further implicates sexual selection in the evolution of male melanization. These findings highlight the usefulness of comparative and natural history data in shedding new light on the evolution of phenotypic variation.</p>
Data from: Early life and transgenerational stressors impact secondary sexual traits and fitness
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