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362 results for “sex effects”
Dataset - Sex and Habitat effects on Verrallia aucta parasitism in Philaenus spumarius in Scotland
<p>This csv file contains data for analysis on the sex and habitat effects on <i>Verrallia aucta</i> parasitism in <i>Philaenus spumarius</i> in Scotland. <i>P. spumarius</i> were sampled from three different habitat types within eleven sites across Scotland and molecularly screened for <i>V. aucta</i> parasitism using qPCR. Csv file contains total number of <i>P. spumarius </i>samples, total number of <i>V. aucta </i>positive <i>P. spumarius </i>samples and percent positive, per sex and habitat, within each site.</p>
Disentangling the effects of jasmonate and tissue loss on the sex allocation of an annual plant
<p>In this study, we explored norms of reaction in sex expression and sex allocation to herbivory in an experiment designed to uncouple its direct (through tissue loss) and indirect effects (due to defensive jasmonate signalling) in hermaphroditic XX females of the wind-pollinated Mercurialis annua. To uncouple the direct and indirect effects of herbivory on the sex expression and to test the role of jasmonate on conditional sex allocation, we conducted a two-factorial experiment manipulating tissue loss (25% chronic defoliation) and plant anti-herbivore defences via the jasmonate pathway (external application of jasmonate), and measured sexual expression in plants with both a male and a female function. The herbivory treatment applied were:</p> <p>For the control treatment (C), leaves were sprayed with a sham solution containing only water and polysorbate until all leaves were wet (see Supplementary Materials for detailed solution formulae). The herbivory treatment (H) consisted of cutting off half of every second leaf on the plant with scissors and spraying plants with a sham solution until all leaves were wet (defoliation resulted in a 25% reduction of total leaf area over the course of the whole plant’s lifetime). In the jasmonate treatment (JA) plants were sprayed with a solution of methyl-jasmonate and polysorbate until all leaves were wet (polysorbate 20 was used to fix the methyl-jasmonate on the sprayed leaves). Finally, the jasmonate and herbivory treatment (JAH) consisted of cutting off half of every other leaf on the plant with scissors and spraying plants with the methyl-jasmonate solution until all leaves were wet. These treatments were applied repeatedly as plants continued to grow, i.e., they represent chronic stress or manipulation. The first round of treatment was applied one week after repotting the plants (25th of November 2019) and then every two weeks over the next 12 weeks (the last treatment was applied on the 2<sup>nd</sup> of February 2020). On the first round of treatment, when most plants had fewer than six leaves each, we cut off only half a leaf (~10% of the leaf area removed) for plants under the herbivory treatments to avoid seedlings death.</p> <p>Plant sampling consisted of cutting all above-ground plant material of 34 plants per enclosure (<em>N</em> = 272) and recording total height. Plants were then cut in half, lengthwise, creating two distinct segments: top and bottom. The top segment was carefully examined and we counted the number of fruits (immature and mature) and harvested all male flowers using tweezers. Male flowers were stored in paper envelopes, dried and weighed. After phenotyping, plant segments were dried and weighed to obtain plant dry biomass (top + bottom). To estimate seed production, the seeds were isolated from the dried plant materials, stored in paper envelopes and weighed. All materials were dried in an oven at 50°C for at least 14 days and weighed using a digital scale.</p> <p>Variables names and meaning:</p> <p>PlantID: Individual identifier for each plant<br> nb_seeds_estimate.TOP: Number of seeds form the top section of the plant <br> Biomass.BOTTOM: Dry biomass of the bottom plant section (grams) <br> Total_biomass: Dry biomass of the whole aboveground plant materials, except for the male flowers <br> Biomass.TOP: Dry biomass of the bottom plant section (grams) <br> seed_mass_total: Dry biomass of the seeds of the whole plant (top+bottom sections) (grams)<br> seed_mass.BOTTOM: Dry biomass of the seeds from the bottom section (grams)<br> seed_nb_total: Number of seeds from the whole plant (top+bottom sections) <br> Lenght_section.TOP: Length of the top section (cm) <br> Fruit_number.TOP: Number of fruits present on the top sectioon at the time of harvest<br> nb_seeds_estimate.BOTTOM: Number of seeds from the bottom section<br> Height: Plant height (top+bottom sections) (cm) at the time of harvest<br> Fruit_number.BOTTOM: Number of fruits present on the bottom section at the time of harvest <br> DPT: Days-post-treatment = the period elapsed between the last treatment application and the plant sampling date. For logistical reasons, our sampling was spread over 14 days by a team of six assistants.<br> Lenght_section.BOTTOM: Length of the bottom section (cm)<br> Treatment: Herbivory treatments: C=Control; H= 25% chronic tissue loss, JA=exogenous jasmonate application; JAH=tissue loss + jasmonate.<br> Box: Enclosure in which plants were kept. This was a blocking factor with 2 boxes per treatment, each one with 30-32 plants. <br> Date: sampling date <br> seed_mass.TOP: Dry biomass of the seeds on the bottom plant sections (grams)<br> Observer: Identifier for each of the six researchers who sampled plants. We recorder observer identity and included it in our statistical analyses to account for possible biases among assistants.<br> male_fl_mass.TOP: Dry biomass of the male flowers sampled from the top plant section (grams). <br> nb_fl_estimate.TOP: Number of male flowers present on the top plant section at the time of harvest <br> male_fl_mass.BOTTOM: Dry biomass of the male flowers sampled from the bottom plant section (grams). <br> nb_fl_estimate.BOTTOM: Number of male flowers present on the bottom plant section at the time of harvest </p> <p> </p>
Time spent in distinct life-history stages has sex-specific effects on reproductive fitness in wild Atlantic salmon
<p><span>In species with complex life cycles, life history theory predicts that fitness is affected by conditions encountered in previous life history stages. Here, we use a four-year pedigree to investigate if time spent in two distinct life history stages has sex-specific reproductive fitness consequences in anadromous Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>). We determined the amount of years spent in fresh water as juveniles (freshwater age, FW, measured in years), and years spent in the marine environment as adults (sea age, SW, measured in sea winters) on 264 sexually mature adults collected on a river spawning ground. We then estimated reproductive fitness as the number of offspring (reproductive success) and the number of mates (mating success) using genetic parentage analysis (>5000 offspring). Sea age is significantly and positively correlated with reproductive and mating success of both sexes whereby older and larger individuals gained the highest reproductive fitness benefits (females: 62.2% increase in offspring/SW and 34.8% increase in mate number/SW; males: 201.9% offspring/SW and 60.3% mates/SW). Younger freshwater age was significantly related to older sea age and thus increased reproductive fitness, but only among females (females: -33.9% offspring/FW and -32.4% mates/FW). This result implies that females can obtain higher reproductive fitness by transitioning to the marine environment earlier. In contrast, male mating and reproductive success was unaffected by freshwater age and more males returned at a younger age than females despite the reproductive fitness advantage of later sea age maturation. Our results show that the timing of transitions between juvenile and adult phases has a sex-specific consequence on female reproductive fitness, demonstrating a life-history trade-off between maturation and reproduction in wild Atlantic salmon.</span></p>
Paper data and code of manuscript: Intraspecific variation on heat tolerance in a model ectotherm: effects of body mass, cell size, oxygen and sex
<p>When using the data or code from this manuscript, please cite it as:</p><p><strong>Leiva FP</strong>, Santos M, Rezende E, & Verberk WCEP. 2021. Paper data and code of manuscript: Intraspecific variation on heat tolerance in a model ectotherm: effects of body mass, cell size, oxygen and sex. Zenodo. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5120028">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5120028</a>.</p>
Data from: Sex-specific effects of inbreeding in juvenile brown trout
<p>Inbreeding depression, i.e., the reduction of health and vigour in individuals with high inbreeding coefficients, is expected to increase with environmental, social, or physiological stress. It has therefore been predicted that sexual selection and the associated stress usually lead to higher inbreeding depression in males than in females. However, sex-specific differences in life history may reverse that pattern during certain developmental stages. In some salmonids, for example, female juveniles start developing their gonads earlier than males who instead grow faster. We tested whether the sexes are differently affected by inbreeding during that time. To study the effects of inbreeding coefficients that may be typical for natural populations of brown trout (<em>Salmo trutta</em>), and also to control for potentially confounding maternal or paternal effects, we sampled males and females from the wild, used their gametes in a block-wise full-factorial breeding design to produce 60 full-sib families, released the offspring as yolk-sac larvae into the wild, sampled them 6 months later, identified their genetic sex, and used microsatellites to assign them to their parents. We used whole-genome resequencing to calculate the kinship coefficients for each breeding pair and hence the expected average inbreeding coefficient per family. Juvenile growth could be predicted from these expected inbreeding coefficients and the genetic sex: Females reached lower body sizes with increasing inbreeding coefficient, while no such link could be found in males. This sex-specific inbreeding depression led to the overall pattern that females were on average smaller than males by the end of their first summer.</p>
Data from: Sex-dependent effects of parental age on offspring fitness in a cooperatively breeding bird
<p>Parental age can have considerable effects on offspring phenotypes and health. However, intergenerational effects may also have longer-term effects on offspring fitness. Few studies have investigated parental age effects on offspring fitness in natural populations while also testing for sex- and environment-specific effects. Further, longitudinal parental age effects may be masked by population-level processes such as the selective disappearance of poor-quality individuals. Here, we used multi-generational data collected on individually marked Seychelles warblers (<em>Acrocephalus</em> <em>sechellensis</em>) to investigate the impact of maternal and paternal age on offspring lifespan and lifetime reproductive success. We found negative effects of maternal age on female offspring lifespan and lifetime reproductive success, which were driven by within-mother effects. There was no difference in annual reproductive output of females born to older versus younger mothers, suggesting that the differences in offspring lifetime reproductive success were driven by effects on offspring lifespan. In contrast, there was no association between paternal age and female offspring lifespan or either maternal or paternal age and male offspring lifespan. Lifetime reproductive success, but not annual reproductive success, of male offspring increased with maternal age, but this was driven by between-mother effects. No paternal age effects were found on female offspring's lifetime reproductive success but there was a positive between-father effect on male offspring's lifetime reproductive success. We did not find strong evidence for environment-dependent parental age effects. Our study provides evidence for parental age effects on the lifetime fitness of offspring and shows that such effects can be sex-dependent. These results add to the growing literature indicating the importance of intergenerational effects on long-term offspring performance and highlight that these effects can be an important driver of variation in longevity and fitness in the wild.</p>
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
<p>Environmental variation often induces plastic responses in organisms that can trigger changes in subsequent generations through non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. Such transgenerational plasticity thus consists of environmentally-induced non-random phenotypic modifications that are transmitted through generations. Transgenerational effects may vary according to the sex of the organism experiencing the environmental perturbation, the sex of their descendants, or both, but whether they are affected by past sexual selection is unknown. Here we use experimental evolution on an insect model system to conduct a first test of the involvement of sexual selection history in shaping transgenerational plasticity in the face of rapid environmental change (exposure to pesticides). We manipulated evolutionary history in terms of the intensity of sexual selection for over 80 generations before exposing individuals to the toxicant. We found that sexual selection history constrained adaptation under rapid environmental change. We also detected intergenerational and transgenerational effects of pesticide exposure in the form of increased fitness and longevity. These cross-generational influences of toxicants were sex-dependent (they affected only male descendants), and intergenerational, but not transgenerational, plasticity was modulated by sexual selection history. Our results highlight the complexity of intragenerational, intergenerational, and transgenerational influences of past selection and environmental stress on phenotypic expression.</p>
Data for: Effects of testosterone on gene expression are concordant between sexes but divergent across species of Sceloporus lizards
<p>Hormones mediate sexual dimorphism by regulating sex-specific patterns of gene expression, but it is unclear how much of this regulation involves sex-specific hormone levels versus sex-specific transcriptomic responses to the same hormonal signal. Moreover, transcriptomic responses to hormones can evolve, but the extent to which hormonal pleiotropy in gene regulation is conserved across closely related species is not well understood. We addressed these issues by elevating testosterone levels in juvenile females and males of three <em>Sceloporus </em>lizard species prior to sexual divergence in circulating testosterone<em>, </em>then characterizing transcriptomic responses in the liver. In each species, more genes were responsive to testosterone in males than in females, suggesting that early developmental processes prime sex-specific transcriptomic responses to testosterone later in life. However, overall transcriptomic responses to testosterone were concordant between sexes, with no genes exhibiting sex-by-treatment interactions. By contrast, hundreds of genes exhibited species-by-treatment interactions, particularly when comparing distantly related species with different patterns of sexual dimorphism, suggesting evolutionary lability in gene regulation by testosterone. Collectively, our results indicate that early organizational effects may lead to sex-specific differences in the magnitude, but not the direction, of transcriptomic responses to testosterone, and that the hormone-genome interface accrues regulatory changes over evolutionary time.</p>
Fig. 3 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 3. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) of virgin and mated Copitarsia decolora males to female sex pheromone extract (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 1. Activation latencies (black bars) and landing latencies (gray bars) (Q1 <Median <Q2) by age group of virgin males in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) in wind tunnel bioassays. Bars within a behavior headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 10, P <0.05).
Fig. 4 in Effects of male age and mating status on response to the female sex pheromone of Copitarsia decolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Fig. 4. Depolarization (mean ± SEM) of antennae in response to a glandular extract of female sex pheromone (3FE) of virgin and mated males. Mated males were tested 24 h and 48 h afer mating (24 AM and 48 AM, respectively). Bars headed by the same letter are not significantly different (Tukey's mean separation test, n = 6, P <0.05).
Fig. 1 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 1. Distributions of breeding and wintering populations of S. m. borealis, S. m. dresseri, and S. m. sedentaria in North America and Greenland. Populations of S. m. borealis are wintering in two areas in the pictured region; one in Southwest Greenland and one in East Canada (Newfoundland and Labrador). Individuals wintering in Southwest Greenland migrate to breed in West Greenland or Arctic Canada, whereas individuals wintering in East Canada have breeding areas in Arctic Canada (illustrated by the different direction of the red diagonal lines). For S. m. dresseri the breeding and wintering ranges overlap in one area that covers Newfoundland and Labrador as well as the northeastern part of the US, as shown by the grey horizontal lines. The subspecies S. m. sedentaria has its year-round residence in the Hudson Bay area as shown by the blue vertical lines. Dark stars mark the sampling locations of eiders in this study, whereas the white star marks the sampling location of eiders by Tourangeau et al. (2018). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 3. Prevalences of the cestodes Lateriporus sp. (A) and Microsomacanthus spp. (B), and the acanthocephalan Profilicollis sp. (C) in common eiders. Abbreviations: bor, CD = S. m. borealis, Cape Dorset; bor, GRLD = S. m. borealis, Greenland; bor, NFLD = S. m. borealis, Newfoundland; dre, NFLD = S. m. dresseri, Newfoundland; sed, BI = S. m. sedentaria [data published in Tourangeau et al. (2018)]. n-m = non-migratory, po-m = post-migratory, prm = pre-migratory. Letters describe significant differences between groups: if two groups share a letter, there is no significant difference in their prevalences.
Fig. 2 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 2. Examples of gastrointestinal parasites retrieved from common eiders in this study. (A) The trematode Notocotylus sp., (B) the cestode Lateriporus sp., (C) the acanthocephalan, Profilicollis sp. (D) microphallid trematodes, and (E) Microsomacanthus spp. cestodes.
Fig. 5 in Helminths in common eiders (Somateria mollissima): Sex, age, and migration have differential effects on parasite loads
Fig. 5. Cumulative percentages of birds infected with (A) Microsomacanthus spp., (B) Microphallus spp. and (C) Gymnophallus spp. from five different locations. Legend denotes the five infection levels: 0, 1s, 10s, 100s, and 1000s of parasite individuals within a single host. Abbreviations: bor, GRLD = S. m. borealis, Greenland; bor, NFLD = S. m. borealis, Newfoundland; dre, NFLD = S. m. dresseri, Newfoundland; bor, CD = S. m. borealis, Cape Dorset; sed, BI = S. m. sedentaria, Belcher Islands [data published in (Tourangeau et al., 2018)]. nm = non-migratory, po-m = post-migratory, pr-m = pre-migratory.
Fig. 1 in Effect of plant sex (dioecism) on the performance of Apocnemidophorus pipitzi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a stem boring weevil of Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia
Fig. 1. Leaf consumption of male and female Brazilian peppertree plants by the weevil Apocnemidophorus pipitzi. Feeding damage was significantly higher on male plants. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical difference (t = 3.05; df = 4; P = 0.027).
Fig. 2 in Effect of plant sex (dioecism) on the performance of Apocnemidophorus pipitzi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a stem boring weevil of Brazilian peppertree, Schinus terebinthifolia
Fig. 2. Longevity of the the weevil Apocnemidophorus pipitzi on male and female Brazilian peppertree plants. Survival was significantly higher on male plants. Asterisk (*) indicates statistical difference (t = 2.71; df = 4; P = 0.029).
Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques
<p>Data for: Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques</p> <p>Patterson, S.K., Andonov, E., Arre, A.M., Martinez, M.I., Negron-Del Valle, J.E., Petersen, R.M, Phillips, D., Rahman, A., Ruiz-Lambides, A., Villanueva, I., Lea, A.J., Snyder-Mackler, N., Brent, L.J., Higham, J.P. "Early life adversity has sex-dependent effects on survival across the lifespan in rhesus macaques." 2024. <em>Philosophical Transactions B. </em></p> <p> </p>
Sex-specific effects of psychoactive pollution on behavioural individuality and plasticity in fish
<p>The global rise of pharmaceutical contaminants in the aquatic environment poses a serious threat to ecological and evolutionary processes. Studies have traditionally focused on the collateral (average) effects of psychoactive pollutants on ecologically-relevant behaviours of wildlife, often neglecting effects among and within individuals, and whether they differ between males and females. We tested whether psychoactive pollutants have sex-specific effects on behavioural individuality and plasticity in guppies (<em>Poecilia</em> <em>reticulata</em>), a freshwater species that inhabits contaminated waterways in the wild. Fish were exposed to fluoxetine (Prozac) for two years across multiple generations before their activity and stress-related behaviour were repeatedly assayed. Using a Bayesian statistical approach that partitions the effects among and within individuals, we found that males—but not females—in fluoxetine-exposed populations differed less from each other in their behaviour (lower behavioural individuality) than unexposed males. In sharp contrast, effects on behavioural plasticity were observed in females—but not in males—whereby exposure to even low levels of fluoxetine resulted in a substantial decrease (activity) and increase (freezing behaviour) in the behavioural plasticity of females. Our evidence reveals that psychoactive pollution has sex-specific effects on the individual behaviour of fish, suggesting that males and females might not be equally vulnerable to global pollutants.</p>
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
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