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143 results for “sex roles”
Simulation code and simulated data for: Transient polymorphisms in parental care strategies drive divergence of sex roles
<p>This repository contains C++ code, simulated datasets, an R-script for data analysis and a Mathematica notebook for mathetical analysis.</p><p>Datasets are organised into ZIP files named after the corresponding figure in the publication. All of the figures based on simulation data in the manuscript and supplementary materials can be created with the R-script. For further information see the article published in <i>Nature Communications (</i>doi:<i> </i>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42607-6).</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>
Data from: Variation in nuptial colour in relation to sex, individual quality and mating success in the sex-role reversed red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius)
<p>In most bird species, males are more ornamented and compete for females, who contribute more to offspring care. In a minority of species this pattern is reversed, with more colourful females competing for mates and males taking care of parental duties. In such sex-role reversed species, the links between colourful ornamentation, individual quality and mating success are not well established. The red phalarope (<em>Phalaropus fulicarius</em>) is a colourful sex-role reversed migratory shorebird with regular social polyandry, in which both sexes show considerable colour variation. Here, we describe sex differences in colour and quantify associations between colour variation and indicators of quality and mating success in both sexes. Using a large sample of photos collected across three consecutive years on the Arctic breeding grounds, we scored colour variation for four body parts (bill, crown, cheek and breast), and analysed scores separately and combined into an overall colour score. Females were more colourful and larger than males, and individuals could be unambiguously sexed by crown colour. Nevertheless, there was substantial variation within sexes and some overlap between males and females in bill, cheek, breast, and overall colour scores. Assortative mating by colour was only found for the bill. Colour variation did not correlate with plasma testosterone levels, except for male cheek colour. Females in better body condition had yellower bills and higher overall colour scores, while early-arriving birds had higher breast and overall scores. Phalaropes that bred locally were heavier than those that did not, but they did not have higher colour scores. Female colour variation did not predict the probability of local social polyandry nor variation in clutch size, and male coloration did not predict the probability of nest predation. In conclusion, phalarope colour variation showed modest correlations with individual quality and was unrelated to variation in local reproductive success. </p>
Sex roles in birds: influence of climate, life histories and social environment
<p>For detailed information concerning data collection please see Gonzalez-Voyer et al. Sex roles in birds: phylogenetic analyses of the influence of climate, life histories and social environment. Ecology Letters. Briefly, data on ecology, life histories and behaviour of birds were extracted from published literature. If several data were available for a given species, we included the ones that were extracted from breeding individuals or had larger sample sizes. The details regarding data processing are provided in the Supplementary Material of Gonzalez-Voyer et al. (accepted).</p>
Data from: Bateman gradients reflect variation in sexual selection in a species with dynamic sex roles
<p class="MsoNormal">Bateman gradients, the slope of the regression of reproductive success on mating success, are among the most commonly reported measures of sexual selection. They are particularly insightful in species with reversed sex roles, where females are expected to be under sexual selection. We measured Bateman gradients in replicate experimental populations of the spermatophore gift-giving bushcricket <em>Kawanaphila nartee </em>(Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae). In this species, the operational sex ratio (OSR) and thus the sex competing for mates varies depending on the availability of pollen food resources: under pollen-limited regimens females are more competitive, whereas under pollen-rich regimens males are more competitive. We maintained populations in enclosures with either limited or supplemented pollen, and calculated Bateman gradients for males and females under both conditions. Bateman gradients were significantly positive in males, and the slope was steeper in pollen-supplemented populations where the OSR was more male-biased. Bateman gradients for females were shallow and nonsignificant regardless of pollen availability. Our results show that the strength of sexual selection on males can depend on environmental context. The lack of significant gradients among females may reflect experimental limitations on our ability to estimate Bateman gradients in female <em>K. nartee</em>.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary divergence via sexual selection acting on females in a species with sex role reversal
<p>1. There is much evidence that sexual selection drives the evolutionary divergence of male sexual traits, but little is known of females.</p> <p>2. Comparisons between neutral genetic divergence (FST) and phenotypic divergence (PST) among populations can reveal evolutionary responses to selection.</p> <p>3. In the bushcricket <em>Kawanaphila nartee</em>, changes in floral food availability cause sex roles to shift from competitive females and choosy males to choosy females and competitive males midway through the breeding season. Males call to attract females, and female auditory spiracle size is under sexual selection. We ask whether selection on females can drive an evolutionary divergence in auditory spiracle size among populations.</p> <p>4. We sampled 188 individuals from nine geographic locations and analysed 9,478 neutral SNP loci and two phenotypic characters to estimate FST and PST, respectively.</p> <p>5. We found that PST for female auditory spiracle size far exceeded the global FST, suggesting that female auditory spiracle size is subject to strong directional selection. We relate differences in phenotypic traits to differences in geological and floristic characteristics among the sites.</p> <p>6. Our data suggest that variation in sexual selection driven by variation in the floristic community on which this species feeds may contribute to the strength of directional selection acting on female <em>K. nartee</em> among populations.</p> <p>7. Together, these findings indicate that divergence among populations can be driven by sexual selection acting on females, even when that selection is temporary and circumscribed.</p>
Data and Source codes: Ancestral sex-role plasticity facilitates the evolution of same-sex sexual behavior
<p>This repository provides access to the tracking data and analysis code used for the manuscript:</p> <p>Ancestral sex-role plasticity facilitates the evolution of same-sex sexual behavior</p> <p>by Nobuaki Mizumoto<sup>1</sup>, Thomas Bourguignon<sup>1</sup>, and Nathan W. Bailey<sup>2</sup></p> <p><sup>1</sup> Okinawa Institute of Science & Technology Graduate University, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan <br /><br> <sup>2</sup> School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, U.K. <br /></p> <p>published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.</p>
Data from: Bateman gradients reflect variation in sexual selection in a species with dynamic sex roles
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Data from: Population genomics reveals multiple drivers of population differentiation in a sex-role-reversed pipefish
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Sex-role-reversal and the Bateman gradient in coucals – females benefit from mating with multiple partners
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Data from: Evolutionary divergence via sexual selection acting on females in a species with sex role reversal
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Sex roles in birds: influence of climate, life histories and social environment
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Data from: Variation in nuptial colour in relation to sex, individual quality and mating success in the sex-role reversed red phalarope (Phalaropus fulicarius)
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Experience and trust: The benefits of mate familiarity are realized through sex-specific specialization of parental roles in cassin’s auklet
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Genomic landscape of reproductive isolation in Lucania killifish: The role of sex loci and salinity
<p>Adaptation to different environments can directly and indirectly generate reproductive isolation between species. Bluefin killifish (<i>Lucania goodei</i>) and rainwater killifish (<i>L. parva</i>) are sister species that have diverged across a salinity gradient and are reproductively isolated by habitat, behavioral, extrinsic, and intrinsic postzygotic isolation. We asked if salinity adaptation contributes indirectly to other forms of reproductive isolation via linked selection and hypothesized that low recombination regions, such as sex chromosomes or chromosomal rearrangements, might facilitate this process. We conducted QTL mapping in backcrosses between <i>L. parva </i>and <i>L. goodei</i> to explore the genetic architecture of salinity tolerance, behavioral isolation, and intrinsic isolation. We mapped traits relative to a chromosome that has undergone a centric fusion in <i>L. parva</i> (relative to <i>L. goodei</i>). We found that the sex locus appears to be male determining (XX-XY), was located on the fused chromosome, and was implicated in intrinsic isolation. QTL associated with salinity tolerance were spread across the genome and did not overly co-localize with regions associated with behavioral or intrinsic isolation. This preliminary analysis of the genetic architecture of reproductive isolation between <i>Lucania</i> species does not support the hypothesis that divergent natural selection for salinity tolerance led to behavioral and intrinsic isolation as a byproduct. Combined with previous studies in this system, our work suggests that adaptation as a function of salinity contributes to habitat isolation and that reinforcement may have contributed to the evolution of behavioral isolation instead, possibly facilitated by linkage between behavioral isolation and intrinsic isolation loci on the fused chromosome.</p>
Data from: Sexual selection maintains a female-specific character in a species with dynamic sex roles
The effects of sexual selection are more conspicuous among male animals, and as a result the majority of sexual selection research focuses on males. However, burgeoning evidence suggests that sexual selection also acts on females, and there have been calls for an increased focus on females. Here, we used a multivariate approach to analyze sexual selection in Kawanaphila nartee, a spermatophore gift-giving bushcricket with dynamic sex roles. Early in the breeding season females compete for males, and later, when environmental food resources are more abundant, sex roles revert to Darwinian convention. Ear size, which is much greater in females than in males, has been suggested to affect female fitness, as females with larger ears are more likely to reach calling males first under sex role reversed conditions. We tested this suggestion and found evidence of positive linear and nonlinear correlational selection acting on female ear size early in the breeding season (under reversed sex roles), but not later in the breeding season (under Darwinian sex roles). Interestingly, there was no correlation between mating success and reproductive success (Bateman gradient) at any time during the season. Together, our results indicate that even brief and circumscribed periods of intrasexual competition among females can lead to sexual selection on morphological characters, and that this selection may not depend on multiple mating. Considering the wealth of reports in the literature of brief episodes of intrasexual competition among female animals, we recommend increased study of sexual selection acting on females.
Data from: Hybridization and postzygotic isolation promote reinforcement of male mating preferences in a diverse group of fishes with traditional sex roles
Behavioral isolation is thought to arise early in speciation due to differential sexual and/or natural selection favoring different preferences and traits in different lineages. Alternatively, behavioral isolation can arise due to reinforcement favoring traits and preferences that prevent maladaptive hybridization. In darters, female preference for male coloration has been hypothesized to drive speciation, because behavioral isolation evolves before F1 inviability. However, as with many long-lived organisms, the fitness of second generation hybrids has not been assessed because raising animals to adulthood in the lab is challenging. Recently, reinforcement of male preferences has been implicated in darters because male preference for conspecific females is high in sympatry but absent in allopatry in multiple species pairs. The hypothesis that reinforcement accounts for behavioral isolation in sympatry assumes that hybridization and postzygotic isolation are present. Here, we used genomic and morphological data to demonstrate that hybridization is ongoing between orangethroat and rainbow darters and used hybrids collected from nature to measure postzygotic barriers across two hybrid generations. We observed sex ratio distortion in adult F1s and a dramatic reduction in backcross survival. Our findings indicate that selection to avoid hybridization promotes the evolution of male-driven behavioral isolation via reinforcement in this system.
Data from: Genetic responsiveness of African buffalo to environmental stressors: a role for epigenetics in balancing autosomal and sex chromosome interactions?
In the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) population of the Kruger National Park (South Africa) a primary sex-ratio distorter and a primary sex-ratio suppressor have been shown to occur on the Y chromosome. A subsequent autosomal microsatellite study indicated that two types of deleterious alleles with a negative effect on male body condition, but a positive effect on relative fitness when averaged across sexes and generations, occur genome-wide and at high frequencies in the same population. One type negatively affects body condition of both sexes, while the other acts antagonistically: it negatively affects male but positively affects female body condition. Here we show that high frequencies of male-deleterious alleles are attributable to Y-chromosomal distorter-suppressor pair activity and that these alleles are suppressed in individuals born after three dry pre-birth years, likely through epigenetic modification. Epigenetic suppression was indicated by statistical interactions between pre-birth rainfall, a proxy for parental body condition, and the phenotypic effect of homozygosity/heterozygosity status of microsatellites linked to male-deleterious alleles, while a role for the Y-chromosomal distorter-suppressor pair was indicated by between-sex genetic differences among pre-dispersal calves. We argue that suppression of male-deleterious alleles results in negative frequency-dependent selection of the Y distorter and suppressor; a prerequisite for a stable polymorphism of the Y distorter-suppressor pair. The Y distorter seems to be responsible for positive selection of male-deleterious alleles during resource-rich periods and the Y suppressor for positive selection of these alleles during resource-poor periods. Male-deleterious alleles were also associated with susceptibility to bovine tuberculosis, indicating that Kruger buffalo are sensitive to stressors such as diseases and droughts. We anticipate that future genetic studies on African buffalo will provide important new insights into gene fitness and epigenetic modification in the context of sex-ratio distortion and infectious disease dynamics.
Data from: Patterns of parental care in Neotropical glassfrogs: fieldwork alters hypotheses of sex-role evolution
Many animals provide parental care to offspring. Parental sex-roles vary extensively across taxa, and such patterns are considered well documented. However, information on amphibians is lacking relative to other vertebrate groups. We combine natural history observations with functional and historical analyses to examine the evolution of egg care in glassfrogs (Centrolenidae). Parental care was considered rare and predominately provided by males. Our field observations of 40 species revealed that care occurs throughout the family, and the caregiving sex changes across lineages. We discovered that a brief period of maternal care is widespread and occurs in species previously thought to lack care. Using a combination of female-removal experiments, prey-choice tests with egg-eating katydids, and parental disturbance-tolerance assays, we confirm the adaptive benefits of short-term maternal care in wild Cochranella granulosa and Teratohyla pulverata. To examine historical transitions between caregiving sexes, we assembled a molecular phylogeny and estimated ancestral care states using our data and the literature. We assessed patterns indicative of sex-specific constraints by testing whether transitions between the sexes are associated with changes in care levels. Our analyses support that male-only care evolved 2-3 times from female-only care, and this change is associated with substantial increases in care levels-a pattern supporting the hypothesis that male-only care evolved via constraints on maternal expenditure. Many groups of amphibians remain poorly studied, with emerging evidence indicating that care patterns are more diverse than currently appreciated. Natural history remains fundamental to uncovering this diversity and generating testable hypotheses of sex-role evolution.
Supporting data: The role of sex and body weight on the metabolic effects of high fat diet in C57BL/6N mice.
<p>Authors: Camilla Ingvorsen*, Natasha A. Karp*, Christopher J. Lelliott</p> <p>* These authors contributed equally to this work</p> <p>This directory contains the raw data, R scripts and output files used to generate the figures and results presented in the manuscript "The role of sex and body weight in metabolic effects of high fat diet on C57BL/6N mice."</p>
Strength of sexual selection and sex roles vary between social groups in a coral reef cardinalfish
<p>The strength and direction of sexual selection can vary among populations. However, spatial variability is rarely explored at the level of the social group. Here we investigate sexual selection and sex roles in the paternally mouthbrooding, socially monogamous, and site-attached pajama cardinalfish, <em>Sphaeramia nematoptera</em>. Females were larger, more aggressive, and had a longer dorsal fin filament, indicating reversed sex roles. At the scale of social groups, we show the Bateman gradient and reproductive variance depending on the sex ratio and size of the groups. In small and medium-sized groups with balanced or male-biased sex ratios, Bateman gradients were steeper for females, whereas gradients were equally steep for both sexes in large groups or when the sex ratio was female-biased. For both sexes, reproductive variance increased with group size and with a higher male-to-female sex ratio. In <em>S. nematoptera</em>, mating opportunities outside the socially monogamous pair appear to impact sexual selection. We conclude that the strength and direction of sexual selection can be masked by social dynamics in group-living species when considering only population and large-scale demographic processes.</p>
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