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84 results for “sexual generation”
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
<p>Environmental variation often induces plastic responses in organisms that can trigger changes in subsequent generations through non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. Such transgenerational plasticity thus consists of environmentally-induced non-random phenotypic modifications that are transmitted through generations. Transgenerational effects may vary according to the sex of the organism experiencing the environmental perturbation, the sex of their descendants, or both, but whether they are affected by past sexual selection is unknown. Here we use experimental evolution on an insect model system to conduct a first test of the involvement of sexual selection history in shaping transgenerational plasticity in the face of rapid environmental change (exposure to pesticides). We manipulated evolutionary history in terms of the intensity of sexual selection for over 80 generations before exposing individuals to the toxicant. We found that sexual selection history constrained adaptation under rapid environmental change. We also detected intergenerational and transgenerational effects of pesticide exposure in the form of increased fitness and longevity. These cross-generational influences of toxicants were sex-dependent (they affected only male descendants), and intergenerational, but not transgenerational, plasticity was modulated by sexual selection history. Our results highlight the complexity of intragenerational, intergenerational, and transgenerational influences of past selection and environmental stress on phenotypic expression.</p>
Inter-generational nuclear crosstalk links the control of gene expression to programmed genome rearrangements during the Paramecium sexual cycle
<p>Multinucleate cells are found in many eukaryotes, but how multiple nuclei coordinate their functions is still poorly understood. In the cytoplasm of the ciliate <em>Paramecium tetraurelia</em>, two micronuclei (MIC) serving sexual reproduction coexist with a somatic macronucleus (MAC) dedicated to gene expression. During sexual processes, the MAC is progressively destroyed while still ensuring transcription and new MACs develop from copies of the zygotic MIC. Several gene clusters are successively induced and switched off before vegetative growth resumes. Concomitantly, programmed genome rearrangements (PGR) remove transposons and their relics from the new MACs. Development of the new MACs is controlled by the old MAC, since the latter expresses genes involved in PGR, including the <em>PGM</em> gene encoding the essential PiggyMac endonuclease that cleaves the ends of eliminated sequences. Using RNA deep sequencing and transcriptome analysis, we show that impairing PGR up-deregulates key PGR genes, together with ~600 other genes possibly also involved in PGR. Among these genes, 42% are no longer induced when no new MACs are formed, including 180 genes that are co-expressed with <em>PGM </em>under all tested conditions. We propose that bi-directional crosstalk between the two coexisting generations of MACs links gene expression to the progression of MAC development.</p>
Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and trans-generational effects conditioned by past sexual selection
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Sexual selection matters in genetic rescue, but productivity benefits fade over time: A multi-generation experiment to inform conservation
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Data from: Estimating the number of sexual events per generation in a facultatively sexual haploid population
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Data from: Leaf size in three generations of a dioecious tropical tree, Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae): sexual dimorphism and changes with age
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: In dioecious species, selection should favor different leaf sizes in males and females whenever the sexes experience distinct environments or constraints, such as different costs of reproduction. We took advantage of a long-term experimental study of Ocotea tenera (Lauraceae), a dioecious understory tree in Monteverde, Costa Rica, to explore leaf size differences between genders and age classes across generations. METHODS: We measured leaf size in adult trees in a natural population, in their adult F1 offspring in two experimental populations, and in their F2 offspring at the seedling stage. Individual trees were measured at various times over a 20-year period. RESULTS: Leaves of female trees averaged 8% longer and 12% greater in area than those of males. Leaves were sexually dimorphic at reproductive maturity. Leaf size declined over the course of most trees' lifetimes. Heritability estimates for leaf length were positive although not statistically significant (h2 = 0.63, SE = 0.48, P= 0.095). CONCLUSIONS: We ruled out the "ecological causation" hypothesis for sexual dimorphism in leaf size because male and female trees co-occurred in the same habitats. Sexual dimorphism appeared not to result from genetic or phenotypic correlations with other traits such as height or flower size. Rather, females appear to compensate for higher costs of reproduction and diminished photosynthetic capacity by producing larger leaves. Additive genetic variance in leaf size, a prerequisite for an evolutionary response to selection for sexual dimorphism, was suggested by positive (although only marginally significant) heritability estimates.
Natural variation at a single gene generates sexual antagonism across fitness components in Drosophila
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Mutations with conflicting fitness effects in males and females accumulate in sexual populations, reducing their adaptive capa</span><span>city</span><span>. Although quantitative genetic studies indicate that sexually antagonistic polymorphisms are common</span><span>, their molecular basis and population genetic properties remain poorly understood</span><span>. Here, we show in fruit flies how natural variation at a single gene generates sexual antagonism through phenotypic effects on cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) traits that function as both mate signals and protectors against abiotic stress</span><span></span><span> across a latitudinal gradient. Tropical populations of <em>Drosophila serrata </em><span>have </span>polymorphic CHCs producing sexual antagonism through opposing but sex-limited effects on these two fitness-related functions. We dissected this polymorphism to a single fatty-acyl CoA reductase gene, <em>DsFAR2-B</em>, that is expressed in oenocyte cells where CHCs are synthesised. RNAi mediated disruption of the <em>DsFAR2-B</em> ortholog in <em>D. melanogaster</em> oenocytes affected CHCs in a similar way to that seen in <em>D. serrata</em>. Population genomic analysis revealed that balancing selection likely operates at the <em>DsFAR2-B </em>locus in the wild. Our study provides insights into the genetic basis of sexual antagonism in nature and connects sexually varying antagonistic selection on phenotypes with balancing selection on genotypes that maintains molecular variation. </span></p>
FIGURES 226–233 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 226–233. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead), sexual generation, female. 226–229, head: 226, frontal view, 227, dorsal view, 228, posterior view, 229, lateral view. 230, antenna. 231, forewing (not scaled to bar). 232–233, mesosoma: 232, dorsal view, 233, lateral view.
FIGURES 192–195 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 192–195. Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, sexual generation, female. 192, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view. 193– 195, mesosoma: 193, lateral view, 194–195, dorsal view.
FIGURES 183–191. Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, sexual generation. 183–186 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 183–191. Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, sexual generation. 183–186, head, female: 183, frontal view, 184, dorsal view, 185, lateral view, 186, posterior view. 187, antenna, female, part. 188–190, head, male: 188, frontal view, 189, dorsal view, 190, lateral view. 191, antenna, male.
FIGURES 172–176 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 172–176. Neuroterus niger Gillette, sexual generation, female. 172, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view. 173, mesosoma, lateral view. 174, mesosoma, dorsal view. 175, mesoscutellum, dorsal view. 176, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.
FIGURES 200–202. Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, sexual generation. 200–201 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 200–202. Philonix fulvicollis Fitch, sexual generation. 200–201, metasoma, female: 200, lateral view, 201, ventral view. 202, metasoma, male, lateral view.
FIGURES 132–141 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 132–141. Neuroterus floccosus (Bassett), sexual generation. 132–135, head, female: 132, frontal view, 133, dorsal view, 134, posterior view, 135, lateral view. 136, antenna, female. 137–140, head, male: 137, frontal view, 138, dorsal view, 139, posterior view, 140, lateral view. 141, antenna, male.
FIGURES 121–126 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 121–126. Neuroterus floccosus (Bassett), asexual generation, female. 121–124, head: 121, frontal view, 122, dorsal view, 123, posterior view, 124, lateral view. 125, antenna. 126, pronotum and propleuron, frontal view.
FIGURES 234–237 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 234–237. Sphaeroteras carolina (Ashmead). 234–235, sexual generation, female: 234, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view, 235, metasoma, lateral view. 236, asexual gall. 237, sexual gall.
FIGURES 109–111 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 109–111. Bassettia pallida Ashmead, sexual generation, female. 109, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view. 110, forewing, part. 111, metasoma, lateral view.
FIGURES 147–150 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 147–150. Neuroterus floccosus (Bassett). 147–148, sexual generation, metasoma, lateral view: 147, female, 148, male. 149, asexual gall. 150, sexual gall.
FIGURES 114–118 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 114–118. Melikaiella tumifica (Osten Sacken), asexual generation, female. 114, general habitus, lateral view. 115, head, frontal view. 116, propodeum, dorsal view. 117–118, head and mesosoma: 117, dorsolateral view, 118, dorsal view.
FIGURES 95–102. Bassettia pallida Ashmead, sexual generation. 95–97 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 95–102. Bassettia pallida Ashmead, sexual generation. 95–97, head, female: 95, frontal view, 96, dorsal view, 97, posterior view. 98, antenna, female. 99–101, head, male: 99, frontal view, 100, dorsal view, 101, posterior view. 102, antenna, male.
FIGURES 92–94 in Pairing of sexual and asexual generations of Nearctic oak gallwasps, with new synonyms and new species names (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini)
FIGURES 92–94. Bassettia flavipes (Gillette). 92, asexual generation, female, metasoma, lateral view. 93, asexual gall. 94, sexual gall.
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