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24 results for “shade tolerance”
Data from: Thinning and prescribed burning increase shade-tolerant conifer regeneration in a fire excluded mixed-conifer forest
<p>Fire exclusion and past management have altered the composition, structure, and function of frequent-fire forests throughout western North America. In mixed-conifer forests of the California Sierra Nevada, fire exclusion has exacerbated the effects of drought and endemic bark beetles, resulting in extensive mortality of fire-adapted pine species. Thinning and prescribed fire are widely used in these forests to reduce fuels, moderate fire behavior, and restore ecosystems. Tree regeneration influences future forest composition and structure, and therefore future resilience to disturbances, but long-term effects of thinning and prescribed burning on tree regeneration after prolonged fire exclusion are poorly understood. We measured tree regeneration one year prior to, and periodically for 16 years following thinning and prescribed burning in a mixed-conifer forest in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We asked three questions. How did the composition and density of tree regeneration change after thinning and prescribed burning? Did pretreatment vegetation types influence conifer regeneration density after treatments? Did planting after overstory thinning increase regeneration density of native pine species?</p> <p>Sixteen years after treatments, combined natural regeneration of shade-tolerant white fir (Abies concolor) and incense-cedar (<em>Calocedrus</em> <em>decurrens</em>) averaged 2,032 trees per hectare (tph) after understory thinning, and 7,745 tph after understory thinning combined with prescribed burning, increases of 37% and 146% from pretreatment densities. In contrast, combined natural regeneration of white fir and incense-cedar averaged 497 tph after overstory thinning, 780 tph after overstory thinning with prescribed burning, 113 tph after prescribed burning alone, and 807 tph in untreated controls, all of which were declines from pretreatment densities. Natural regeneration of white fir and incense-cedar was consistently an order of magnitude greater than Jeffrey pine (<em>Pinus</em> <em>jeffreyi</em>) and sugar pine (<em>Pinus</em> <em>lambertiana</em>), whose combined densities 16 years after treatments averaged 37 tph across treatments and did not significantly respond to thinning and/or prescribed burning. Natural conifer regeneration after treatments varied by pre-treatment vegetation type (closed canopy, <em>Ceanothus</em> <em>cordulatus</em> shrub-dominated, and open sparse), with large increases of natural regeneration after understory thinning in closed canopy and <em>Ceanothus</em> shrub vegetation types. Planting increased sugar pine regeneration density after overstory thinning, marginally increased Jeffrey pine regeneration after overstory thinning combined with prescribed burning, and increased white fir regeneration after overstory thinning with and without burning. No treatments reduced white fir and incense-cedar natural regeneration while simultaneously increasing natural pine regeneration, suggesting new thinning, burning, and planting approaches may be required to meet regeneration restoration objectives.</p>
Data from: Thinning and prescribed burning increase shade-tolerant conifer regeneration in a fire excluded mixed-conifer forest
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Data from: Shade tolerance controls the spectrum of crown sizes and its response to local competition across European and North American tree species: Implications for light interception strategies
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Data From: Contrasting physiological traits of shade tolerance in Pinus and Podocarpaceae native to a tropical Vietnamese forest: Insight from an aberrant flat-leaved pine
<p>The absence of pines from tropical forests is a puzzling biogeographical oddity potentially explained by traits of shade intolerance. <i>Pinus krempfii</i>, a flat-leaved pine endemic to the Central Highlands of Vietnam, provides a notable exception as it seems to successfully compete with shade-tolerant tropical species. Here, we test the hypothesis that successful conifer performance at the juvenile stage depends on physiological traits of shade tolerance by comparing the physiological characteristics of <i>P. krempfii </i>to coexisting species from the genus <i>Pinus</i> and from the Podocarpaceae, a relatively abundant and shade tolerant conifer family found in pantropical forests. We examined leaf photosynthetic, respiratory and biochemical traits. Additionally, we compiled attainable maximum photosynthesis, maximum RuBP carboxylation (<i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub>) and maximum electron transport (<i>J</i><sub>max</sub>) values for <i>Pinus</i> and Podocarpaceae species from the literature. In our literature compilation, <i>P. krempfii </i>was intermediate between <i>Pinus</i> and Podocarpaceae in its maximum photosynthesis and its <i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub>. <i>Pinus</i> exhibited a higher <i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub> than Podocarpaceae, resulting in a less steep slope in the linear relationship between <i>J</i><sub>max</sub> and <i>Vc</i><sub>max</sub>. These results suggest that <i>Pinus </i>may be more shade intolerant than Podocarpaceae with <i>P. krempfii </i>falling between the two groups. However, in contrast, Vietnamese conifers' leaf mass per areas and biochemical traits did not highlight the same intermediate nature of <i>P. krempfii</i>. Furthermore, regardless of leaf shape or family assignation, all species demonstrated a common carbon gain efficiency. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of shade tolerance for conifer survival in tropical forests. However, they also demonstrate a diversity of shade tolerance strategies, all of which lead to the persistence of Vietnamese juvenile conifers in low-light tropical understories.</p>
Tree seedling shade tolerance arises from interactions with microbes and is mediated by functional traits
<p>Shade tolerance is a central concept in forest ecology and strongly influences forest community dynamics. However, the plant traits and conditions conferring shade tolerance are yet to be resolved. We propose that shade tolerance is shaped not only by responses to light but also by a species' defense and recovery functional traits, soil microbial communities, and interactions of these factors with light availability. We conducted a greenhouse experiment for three temperate species in the genus <em>Acer </em>that vary in shade tolerance. We grew newly germinated seedlings in two light levels (2% and 30% sun) and controlled additions of microbial filtrates using a wet-sieving technique. Microbial filtrate treatments included: <20 µm, likely dominated by pathogenic microbes; 40-250 µm, containing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); combination, including both filtrate sizes; and sterilized combination. We monitored survival for nine weeks and measured fine root AMF colonization, hypocotyl phenolics, stem lignin, and stem+root nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) at three-week intervals. We found that differences in seedling survival between low and high light only occurred when microbes were present. AMF colonization, phenolics, and NSC generally increased with light. Phenolics were greater with <20 µm microbial filtrate, suggesting that soil-borne pathogens may induce phenolic production and NSC was greater with 40-250 µm filtrate, suggesting that mycorrhizal fungi may induce NSC production. Across species, microbe treatments, and light availability, survival increased as phenolics and NSC increased. Therefore, shade tolerance can be explained by interactions among soil-borne microbes, seedling traits, and light availability, providing a more mechanistic and trait-based explanation of shade tolerance and thus forest community dynamics.</p>
Light-demanding tree species are more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species in a subtropical secondary forest
<ol> <li> <span>Tree-tree competition has been widely studied as a mechanism responsible for maintaining forest plant species diversity</span><span>.</span><span> Other common plant types, such as lianas, may influence tree species competition. Previous studies reported the negative effects of lianas on trees; however, variation in susceptibility to lianas among tree species and the species-specificity of liana species for tree hosts remain unclear. If lianas have species-specific interactions with trees, based either on tree or liana species identity, then lianas may influence tree-tree interactions by altering tree species-specific competitiveness. </span> </li> <li> <span>We surveyed 5,676 lianas</span><span> (DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>0.5 cm</span><span>)</span><span> and </span><span>61,538 trees </span><span>(DBH </span><span>≥ </span><span>1 cm</span><span>)</span><span> in a 12-ha subtropical secondary forest</span><span> plot to assess </span><span>liana-tree interactions</span><span>.</span><span> We</span><span> tested </span><span>variation among the 20 most common tree species in their </span><span>susceptibility to lianas,</span><span> including whether light-demanding and shade-tolerant tree species differed. </span><span>We</span><span> quantified liana-tree network structure and</span><span> evaluated the specificity between the 20 most common tree species and the 15 most common liana species. </span><span>We expected that: (1) </span><span>tree species would vary in their susceptibility to lianas, and the extent of this </span><span>variation</span><span> would be predicted by tree shade-tolerance; and (2) </span><span>liana species would have distinct species-specific interactions with host trees. </span> </li> <li> <span>Tree species differed greatly in their susceptibility to lianas, with some tree species accumulating many more lianas than others. Light-demanding tree species particularly had greater susceptibility to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species. Both the liana-tree network structure and the interaction </span><span>intensity</span><span> between the 15 liana species and 20 tree species showed distinct specialization of liana-tree interactions. </span> </li> <li><span><em>Synthesis</em>. Variation in tree species' susceptibility to lianas implies that lianas may alter tree species-specific competitive abilities by disproportionately affecting some tree species more than others. In contrast to studies in neotropical forests, light-demanding tree species were more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species, suggesting that lianas could reduce light-demanding tree performance in this forest. The distinct species specialization between liana and tree species suggests that increases in the relative abundance of liana species, which is occurring in many forests, may alter the tree community by reducing the relative abundance of preferred host tree species. </span></li> </ol>
Dataset: Recruitment responses of shade-tolerant and heliophilous trees in human-degraded areas: the necessity of knowing the recruitment autecology of species for making reforestation decisions
<p>This repository contains the files associated with the following article:</p> <p>Johanna Croce, Ernesto I. Badano, Andrés Tálamo. Recruitment responses of shade-tolerant and heliophilous trees in human-degraded areas: the necessity of knowing the recruitment autecology of species for making reforestation decisions Submitted to <em>Land Degradation & Development</em>.</p> <p>The first Microsoft Excel file (Dataset 01 - Microclimate.xlsx) contains two sheets with the microclimatic data (average, maximum and minimum soil temperatures, and volumetric soil water content) measured in Cerro Chachapoyas and Cerro Fachacano. These measurements were performed on three plots of each trearment, including shrub-protected treatment with high shade, shrub-protected treatment with medium shade, sunny treatment with high herbaceous cover, sunny treatment with medium herbaceous cover and controls. The second Microsoft Excel file (Dataset 02 -Plant responses.xlsx Dataset 02 - Plant responses.xlsx) contains three sheets with the data used to estimate the seedling emergence rates, plant survival rates and net aboveground growth rates of the tree species, including <em>Anadenanthera colubrina</em> and <em>Ceiba chodatii</em> in Cerro Chachapoyas, and <em>Jacaranda mimosifolia</em> in Cerro Fachacano.</p>
Data From: Contrasting physiological traits of shade tolerance in Pinus and Podocarpaceae native to a tropical Vietnamese forest: Insight from an aberrant flat-leaved pine
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Tree seedling shade tolerance arises from interactions with microbes and is mediated by functional traits
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Photosynthetic induction and sunfleck responses of three shade-tolerant temperate saplings
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Testing trait plasticity over the range of spectral composition of sunlight in forb species differing in shade tolerance
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Light-demanding tree species are more susceptible to lianas than shade-tolerant tree species in a subtropical secondary forest
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Data from: What makes a leaf tough? Patterns of correlated evolution between leaf toughness traits and demographic rates among 197 shade-tolerant woody species in a neotropical forest
Slow-growing juveniles of shade-tolerant plant species are predicted to have tough leaves because of the high cost of leaf replacement in shade relative to potential carbon gain. We assessed the degree of correlated evolution among eight traits associated with leaf toughness and their relationships with growth and mortality rates of 197 tree and shrub species from the understory of the 50-hectare forest dynamics plot on Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Path analysis with phylogenetically independent contrasts revealed that leaves attained material toughness (resistance to fracture per unit fracture area) through increases in tissue density, percent cellulose per unit dry mass, and vein fracture toughness. Lamina density and cellulose content evolved independently, and thus represent different paths to material toughness. Structural toughness (resistance to fracture per unit fracture length) depended on material toughness and lamina thickness. Mortality rates of individuals 1-10 cm in stem diameter were negatively correlated with material toughness and lamina density, but were independent of structural toughness and cell wall fiber contents. Leaf toughness traits were uncorrelated with relative growth rates. These results imply that material toughness enhances resistance to natural enemies, which increases survival and offsets the biomass allocation cost of producing tough leaves in the shaded understory.
Data from: Overyielding in young tree plantations is driven by local complementarity and selection effects related to shade tolerance
1. Overyielding in mixed-species forests has been demonstrated in a vast body of literature, and the focus of functional biodiversity research is now shifting towards a mechanistic understanding of these observations. 2. We explored diversity-productivity relationships (DPRs) at two sites of a large-scale tree diversity experiment, with benign (Zed) and harsh (Ged) environmental conditions for plantation establishment. Additive partitioning methodologies were adopted to detect phenomenological patterns in the productivity data, and the trait structure of mixed communities was used to advance insights into compositional effects. 3. After six years of plantation development, biomass productivity was significantly higher in mixtures compared to the monocultures of component species. We observed that processes operated through direct tree-tree interactions, since the diversity signal disappeared where trees in mixed stands were surrounded by conspecific neighbors only. This result is particularly relevant for mixed-species planation systems, as trees are commonly planted in monospecific patches to simplify the management. Partitioning unveiled strong selection effects at both plantation sites. However, at the Ged-site this was caused by competitive dominance of species with fast young growth whereas at the Zed-site, species with slow young growth improved their performances but not at the expense of others (i.e. trait-dependent complementarity). Species tolerance to shading is an influential trait to predict biodiversity effects, with community-weighted means in shade tolerance mediating dominance effects (Ged) and functional diversity in shade tolerance mediating (trait-dependent) complementarity effects (Zed). 4. Synthesis. This study highlights that biodiversity effects in young tree plantations could be explained by the functional composition of mixed communities, with a key role for species levels of shade tolerance. As contrasting results between plantation sites were observed, future research should target the context-dependency of DPRs.
Data from: A conifer–angiosperm divergence in the growth vs shade tolerance trade-off underlies the dynamics of a New Zealand warm-temperate rain forest
1. A central tenet of forest ecology is that succession and regeneration dynamics are driven by an interspecific trade-off between juvenile growth rates in high light and shade tolerance. There is evidence, however, that a single trade-off axis may fail to explain the dynamics of mixed conifer-angiosperm rainforests in the southern hemisphere, especially in New Zealand. 2. We tested for growth vs shade tolerance trade-offs by measuring juvenile growth of five podocarps and five broadleaved canopy angiosperms across a wide range of light environments in a New Zealand warm-temperate rainforest. The light compensation point of growth was used as a measure of species light requirements, which we then compared with height growth in 10% light, approximating the environments encountered beneath small tree-fall gaps. 3. Despite considerable overlap between the ranges of both growth rates and compensation points found in the two lineages, major axis tests showed that the growth vs shade tolerance trade-off differed significantly between podocarp and angiosperm species. At a common compensation point, angiosperms were faster-growing than podocarps in 10% light. However, juveniles of these angiosperm species were notably scarce in the more open environments associated with forest margins. 4. Synthesis. A conifer–angiosperm divergence in the growth vs shade tolerance trade-off may explain long-standing problems of the dynamics of these forests. Although juveniles of most lowland podocarps can tolerate considerable shade, the more vigorous response of broadleaved angiosperms to small canopy openings enables them to out-compete podocarps in old-growth stands. The greater abundance of podocarp juveniles on forest margins cannot be attributed to them outcompeting angiosperm species where light is abundant, and is likely to reflect superior resistance to frost and/or drought. The drivers of the dynamics of New Zealand's podocarp–broadleaved forests therefore differ appreciably from those ascribed to tropical and north-temperate forests.
Data from: Shade tolerance and the functional trait - demography relationship in temperate and boreal forests
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Data from: What makes a leaf tough? Patterns of correlated evolution between leaf toughness traits and demographic rates among 197 shade-tolerant woody species in a neotropical forest
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Data from: Overyielding in young tree plantations is driven by local complementarity and selection effects related to shade tolerance
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Data from: A conifer–angiosperm divergence in the growth vs shade tolerance trade-off underlies the dynamics of a New Zealand warm-temperate rain forest
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Data from: Evolution of shade tolerance is associated with attenuation of shade avoidance and reduced phenotypic plasticity in North American milkweeds
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