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6 results for “shell polymorphism”
Fig. 3. A. a in Untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus Bolma Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda)
Fig. 3. A. a, Bolma henica madagascarensis (Indian Ocean); b, Bo. henica abyssorum; c, Bo. henica henica, with type locality represented by a white star (Fiji Island, Southwest Pacific); d, Bo. cf. minutiradiosa. B. a–d, distinct shell morphs found in Bo. recens, with type locality represented by a white star (Kiwi seamount, Three Kings Ridge). C. a, Bo. mainbaza, with type locality (South Madagascar); b, Bo. pseudobathyraphis, with type locality (South New Caledonia); c, Bo. millegranosa; d, Bo. opaoana with type locality (South New Caledonia, Crypthélia Bank).
Fig. 4 in Untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus Bolma Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda)
Fig. 4. Shell diversity across the molecular phylogeny of the "deep-water" clade of the subfamily Turbininae (Williams 2007, i.e., the genera Astraea, Bellastraea , Bolma and Guildfordia). The phylogeny is based on Bayesian analyses of the concatenated sequences from cox1 and 28 S genes, incorporating an uncorrelated relaxed, log- normal clock produced using *BEAST. The tree is a maximum clade credibility tree with median node heights based in 9000 trees. Support values are posterior probabilities (PP); branches < 50% were collapsed. Species names are labelled on the right-hand side. Species hypotheses previously delineated by the integrative taxonomy approach are highlighted by the grey boxes.
Fig. 2 in Untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus Bolma Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda)
Fig. 2. [next page] Molecular based species delineation of the genus "Bolma". A. Ultrametric tree produced using BEAST based on cox1 sequences. B. PSHs derived from the GMYC model and labelled from 1 to 37. C. PSHs derived from the GMYC model using the lower limit of the equivalent of a 95% confidence interval, and labelled from A to ZD. D. SSHs drawn from congruency between cox1 and 28S. Boxes with a black outline indicate that the SSH was monophyletic in both cox1 and 28S trees. Boxes without a black outline highlight SSHs for which molecular data were either incomplete or non-informative. SSHs labelled from A to ZD (following step C) or with the species name when our sequences matched published data associated with the species names. E. PSHs derived from the Bayesian analysis based on 28S sequences. F. Bayesian, non-ultrametric tree produced using BEAST based on 28S sequences. G. Species names retained in the present study. For the SSH E-F-G-H, the name Bo. henica was retained; however, Bo. henica abyssorum, Bo. henica madagascarensis and Bo. henica henica are represented as sub-species separated by white dotted lines. For both trees, nodal support values are posterior probabilities (PP), shown only for PP> 50%. Branches with PP <50% were collapsed. Red and green branches correspond to monophyletic species hypotheses. Colour coded boxes: red corresponds to cox1 PSHs supported by PP> 95%; light red corresponds to cox1 PSH supported by PP <95%; light grey corresponds to cox1 and 28S singletons; a grey cross represents missing data; green corresponds to 28S species hypotheses supported by PP> 95%; light grey corresponds to groups of genotypes displaying diagnostic 28S sites. Specimen numbers are given in the Supplementary file.
Fig. 1 in Untangling species identity in gastropods with polymorphic shells in the genus Bolma Risso, 1826 (Mollusca, Vetigastropoda)
Fig. 1. Map showing sampling localities. See Supplementary file for details.
Negative frequency dependent selection maintains shell banding polymorphisms in two marine snails (Littorina fabalis and L. saxatilis)
<p>The presence of shell bands is common in gastropods. The marine snails, <i>Littorina fabalis</i> and <i>L. saxatilis</i>, are<i> </i>both polymorphic for this trait. Such polymorphism would be expected to be lost by the action of genetic drift or directional selection, but it appears to be widespread at relatively constant frequencies. This suggests it is maintained by balancing selection on the trait or on a genetically linked trait. Using long time-series of empirical data, we compared potential effects of genetic drift and negative frequency-dependent selection, in the two species. The contribution of genetic drift to changes in the frequency of bands in <i>L. fabalis</i> was estimated using the effective population size estimated from microsatellite data, while the effect of genetic drift in <i>L. saxatilis</i> were derived from previously published study. Frequency-dependent selection was assessed comparing the cross-product estimator of fitness with the frequency of the polymorphism across years using a regression analysis. Both studied species showed patterns of negative frequency-dependent selection. In addition, in <i>L. fabalis</i>, contributions from genetic drift could explain some of the changes in banding frequency. Overdominance and heterogeneous selection did not fit well to our data. The possible biological explanations resulting on the maintenance of the banding polymorphism are discussed.</p>
Negative frequency dependent selection maintains shell banding polymorphisms in two marine snails (Littorina fabalis and L. saxatilis)
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