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121 results for “siphonophore”
High-speed videos of siphonophore tentilla and nematocyst discharge
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Data and code for: The evolution of siphonophore tentilla for specialized prey capture in the open ocean
<p>Predator specialization has often been considered an evolutionary 'dead-end' due to the constraints associated with the evolution of morphological and functional optimizations throughout the organism. However, in some predators, these changes are localized in separate structures dedicated to prey capture. One of the most extreme cases of this modularity can be observed in siphonophores, a clade of pelagic colonial cnidarians that use tentilla (tentacle side branches armed with nematocysts) exclusively for prey capture. Here we study how siphonophore specialists and generalists evolve, and what morphological changes are associated with these transitions. To answer these questions, we: (1) measured 29 morphological characters of tentacles from 45 siphonophore species, (2) mapped these data to a phylogenetic tree, and (3) analyzed the evolutionary associations between morphological characters and prey type data from the literature. Instead of a dead-end, we found that siphonophore specialists can evolve into generalists, and that specialists on one prey type have directly evolved into specialists on other prey types. Our results show that siphonophore tentillum morphology has strong evolutionary associations with prey type, and suggest that shifts between prey types are linked to shifts in the morphology, mode of evolution, and genetic correlations of tentilla and their nematocysts. The evolutionary history of siphonophore specialization helps build a broader perspective on predatory niche diversification via morphological innovation and evolution. These findings contribute to understanding how specialization and morphological evolution have shaped present-day food webs.</p>
Data from: Ocean sunfish rewarm at the surface after deep excursions to forage for siphonophores
1. Ocean sunfish (Mola mola) were believed to be inactive jellyfish feeders because they are often observed lying motionless at the sea surface. Recent tracking studies revealed that they are actually deep divers, but there has been no evidence of foraging in deep water. Furthermore, the surfacing behaviour of ocean sunfish was thought to be related to behavioural thermoregulation, but there was no record of sunfish body temperature. 2. Evidence of ocean sunfish feeding in deep water was obtained using a combination of an animal-borne accelerometer and camera with a light source. Siphonophores were the most abundant prey items captured by ocean sunfish and were typically located at a depth of 50–200 m where the water temperature was <12°C. Ocean sunfish were diurnally active, made frequently deep excursions, and foraged mainly at 100–200-m depths during the day. 3. Ocean sunfish body temperatures were measured under natural conditions. The body temperatures decreased during deep excursions and recovered during subsequent surfacing periods. Heat-budget models indicated that the whole-body heat-transfer coefficient between sunfish and the surrounding water during warming was 3–7 times greater than that during cooling. These results suggest that the main function of surfacing is the recovery of body temperature, and the fish might be able to increase heat gain from the warm surface water by physiological regulation. 4. The thermal environment of ocean sunfish foraging depths was lower than their thermal preference (approx. 16–17°C). The behavioural and physiological thermoregulation enables the fish to increase foraging time in deep, cold water. 5. Feeding rate during deep excursions was not related to duration or depth of the deep excursions. Cycles of deep foraging and surface warming were explained by a foraging strategy, to maximize foraging time with maintaining body temperature by vertical temperature environment.
FIGURE 3. A in A new species of clausophyid calycophoran siphonophore (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov., widely distributed throughout the world's oceans
FIGURE 3. A: a detached tentillum from the holotype of Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov. B: close-up of the cnidoband nematocytes. cb: cnidoband, h.a.: homotrichous anisorhiza, m.m.: microbasic mastigophores, pe: pedicel, tl: terminal filament.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of clausophyid calycophoran siphonophore (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov., widely distributed throughout the world's oceans
FIGURE 1. Photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of the living holotype of Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov. in lateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm. (photograph by Steven Haddock, MBARI)
FIGURE 2. A in A new species of clausophyid calycophoran siphonophore (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa), Kephyes hiulcus sp. nov., widely distributed throughout the world's oceans
FIGURE 2. A: Photograph of the siphosomal cormidia of the preserved holotype of Kephyes hiulcus sp.nov., B: siphosomal bract of the preserved holotype, C, D: Kephyes spp. free-eudoxid bracts from Japanese waters showing the structure of the hydroecial canals. B and C in upper view, D in right lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 117 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 117. Comparison of larval tentilla from Nectalia post-larval stages of A. Halistemma rubrum, B. Halistemma maculatum sp. nov., C. Nectalia loligo Haeckel (1888b), and D. Stephanomia amphytridis. Scale bars, where known, 1 mm.
FIGURE 112 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 112. Larval tentilla of Nectalia post-larval stage Stephanomia amphytridis from Tiburon Dive 1074. A. younger tentilla; B. intermediate tentilla; C. Older tentilla. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 110 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 110. Upper views of young larval bracts of Stephanomia amphytridis from JSL I Dive 2138 specimen. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 5 mm.
FIGURE 108. Stephanomia amphytridis Nectalia-stages from JSL Dive 1685 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 108. Stephanomia amphytridis Nectalia-stages from JSL Dive 1685 (left) and Tiburon Dive 1074 (right). Scale bar 1 cm.
FIGURE 107 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 107. Stephanomia amphytridis. Part of a male gonodendron from T1110-SS12 specimen, with (inset) individual male gonophore. Scale bars 5 and 1 mm, respectively.
FIGURE 105. Stephanomia amphytridis. A. Palpon and palpacle. Scale bar 5 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 105. Stephanomia amphytridis. A. Palpon and palpacle. Scale bar 5 mm. B. Portion of palpacle showing attached nematocysts. Scale bar 100 µm. C. Nematocyst. Scale bar 10 µm.
FIGURE 106 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 106. Stephanomia amphytridis. Part of female gonodendron (Upper), and some individual female gonophores (Lower). Scale bars 5 and 1 mm, respectively.
FIGURE 104 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 104. Stephanomia amphytridis. Nematocysts from the cnidoband (A, B, scale bar 100 µm) and terminal filament (C–E, scale bars 50 µm) of the tentillum.
FIGURE 102. Stephanomia amphytridis. A in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 102. Stephanomia amphytridis. A. Detail of nematocyst cluster at distal tip of young Type B bract. Scale bar 1 mm. B. Undischarged and C. discharged nematocysts from Type B bract. Scale bars 100 µm.
FIGURE 100. Stephanomia amphytridis. Type A bracts. A in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 100. Stephanomia amphytridis. Type A bracts. A. Mature, and B. young bracts. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bars A.10 & B. 5 mm.
FIGURE 99 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 99. Stephanomia amphytridis. Detail of siphosome, ventral view, from in situ photograph of specimen from Tiburon Dive 746. (Photograph courtesy of Dr. S.H.D. Haddock, © MBARI.)
FIGURE 101. Stephanomia amphytridis. A. and B in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 101. Stephanomia amphytridis. A. and B. Two forms of mature Type B bracts. Proximal at top, distal at bottom. Scale bar 1 cm.
FIGURE 98 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 98. Stephanomia amphytridis. Upper (left) and lower (right) views of mature nectophore. Scale bar 1 cm.
FIGURE 111 in A review of the physonect siphonophore genera Halistemma (Family Agalmatidae) and Stephanomia (Family Stephanomiidae)
FIGURE 111. Nectalia stage of Stephanomia amphytridis from Tiburon Dive 1074. Detail of gastrozooid and larval tentilla. Scale bar 2.5 mm.
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