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10 results for “smallholder landscapes”
Dataset for the paper "EXPANDING SMALLHOLDER IRRIGATION IN CENTRAL KENYA DEMONSTRATES THE IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTING GRASSLAND LANDSCAPES"
<p>This dataset contains the labels created for the cropland mapping task.</p> <p>2912 labels (polygons) are created using the June 2022 satellite imagery extracted from the <a title="Norway's International Climate and Forests Initiative (NICFI)" href="https://www.planet.com/nicfi/#:~:text=Through%20Norway%E2%80%99s%20International%20Climate%20&%20Forests%20Initiative%20(NICFI)," target="_blank" rel="noopener">Norway's International Climate and Forests Initiative (NICFI)</a> Satellite Data Program and accessible using Planet's API.</p> <p>The dataset is a geojson file with the following fields:</p> <p> </p> <ol> <li>quad: This column references a specific quadrant or tile. Each quadrant is identified by a unique code, such as "L15-1238E-1025N", provided by Planet.</li> <li>land_type: This column indicates the type of land use for the polygon area. There are two main categories of agriculture ("Smallholder agriculture" and "Largeholder agriculture") and a category for "Other vegetation". In the paper "Smallholder agriculture" and "Largeholder agriculture" are merged into a single label "cropland" while "Other vegetation" is considered "non-cropland."</li> <li>geometry: This column contains the geometrical data defining each polygon in the form of a list of vertex coordinates. For example, [ [ 37.79092, 0.19152 ], [ 37.791563, 0.190876 ], [ 37.790544, 0.190152 ], [ 37.7899, 0.190823 ], ….] defines a polygon through a sequence of longitude and latitude pairs, which enclose a specific area of land.</li> </ol>
Dataset from: The effects of crop type, landscape composition and agroecological practices on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical smallholder farms
<p>1. In the tropics, smallholder farming characterizes some of the world's most biodiverse landscapes. Agroecology as a pathway to sustainable agriculture has been proposed and implemented in sub-Saharan Africa, but the effects of agricultural practices in smallholder agriculture on biodiversity and ecosystem services are understudied. Similarly, the contribution of different landscape elements, such as shrubland or grassland cover, on biodiversity and ecosystem services to fields remains unknown.</p> <p>2. We selected 24 villages situated in landscapes with varying shrubland and grassland cover in Malawi. In each village, we assessed biodiversity of eight taxa and ecosystem services in relation to crop type, shrubland and grassland cover and the number of agroecological pest and soil management practices on smallholder's fields of different crop types (bean monoculture, maize-bean intercrop, and maize monoculture).</p> <p>3. Increasing shrubland cover altered carabid and soil bacteria communities. Carabid abundance increased in maize but decreased in intercrop and bean fields with increasing shrubland cover. Carabid abundance and richness and wasp abundance increased with soil management practices. Carabid, spider, and parasitoid abundances were higher in bean monocultures, but this was modulated by surrounding shrubland cover. Natural enemy abundances in beans were especially high in landscapes with little shrubland, possibly leading to lower bean damage in monocultures compared to intercropped fields, whereas maize monocultures had higher damage. In maize, grassland cover and pest management practices were positively related to damage. Carabid abundance was higher in fields with high bean damage and increased carabid richness in fields with high maize damage. Parasitoid abundance was negatively associated with bean damage.</p> <p>4. <em>Synthesis and application:</em> Our results suggest that maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services on smallholder farms is not achievable with a "one size fits all" approach but should instead be adapted to the landscape context and the priorities of smallholders. Shrubland is important to maintain carabid and soil bacterial diversity, but legume cultivation beneficial to natural enemies could complement pest management in landscapes with a low shrubland cover. An increased number of agroecological soil management practices can lead to improved pest control whilst the effectiveness of agroecological pest management practices needs to be re-evaluated.</p>
Dataset from: The effects of crop type, landscape composition and agroecological practices on biodiversity and ecosystem services in tropical smallholder farms
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No evidence for trade-offs between bird diversity, yield and water table depth on oil palm smallholdings: implications for tropical peatland landscape restoration
<p>Tropical peat swamp forests retain large carbon stocks and support unique biodiversity, but clearance and drainage for agriculture have resulted in fires, carbon emissions and biodiversity losses. Initiatives to re-wet cultivated peatlands may benefit biodiversity if this protects remaining forests from fire and agricultural encroachment, but there are concerns that re-wetting could reduce yields and damage livelihoods, as relationships between drainage, on-farm biodiversity, and crop yields have not been studied.</p> <p>We examined oil palm fruit yields and bird diversity on 41 smallholder farms in Jambi (Sumatra, Indonesia), which varied in drainage intensity (12-month mean water table per plot from August 2018 to August 2019: -52 to -3 cm below ground). We also compared farm bird diversity with a neighbouring area of protected forest (11,000 ha, 21 plots; mean water table per plot -3 to +15 cm).</p> <p>Bird species richness (3-18 species per plot), species composition, and oil palm yields (4.5-19.2 t fresh fruit bunch ha-1 yr-1) varied among farms, but were not detectably affected by water table depth, although ground-level vegetation was more complex on wetter farms. Bird richness in oil palm (mean = 10.3 species per plot) was <50% of that in forest (26 species per plot), and only three out of 35 conservation-priority species found in forest were recorded in oil palm.</p> <p>Synthesis & applications: Tropical peatlands in Indonesia have been drained to allow farmer access and improve farm yields, but we found no trade-offs between drainage depth, yields or bird diversity on smallholder oil palm farms in our study landscape. Current restoration initiatives to re-wet peat may benefit farmers by reducing fire risk, without affecting yields. Wetter farms had increased understorey vegetation complexity, but this did not affect bird diversity, so we find no evidence that re-wetting improves on-farm biodiversity within the studied range of drainage depths. However, on-farm fire reduction efforts in cultivated peatlands, including re-wetting, will be vital for reducing the risk of fires escaping into nearby forests, which contain unique and diverse bird species assemblages. Protection of remaining peatland forests from fire and clearance is key for biodiversity conservation, and for providing a source of seed dispersers and genetic material for future forest and landscape restoration efforts. Restoration of more biodiversity-friendly land covers will improve landscape permeability and help conserve species and the ecosystem services they deliver.</p>
Data from: Local and landscape scale woodland cover and diversification of agroecological practices shape butterfly communities in tropical smallholder landscapes
<p>The conversion of biodiversity-rich woodland to farmland and subsequent management has strong, often negative, impacts on biodiversity. In tropical smallholder agricultural landscapes, the impacts of agriculture on insect communities, both through habitat change and subsequent farmland management, is understudied. The use of agroecological practices has social and agronomic benefits for smallholders. Although ecological co-benefits of agroecological practices are assumed, systematic empirical assessments of biodiversity effects of agroecological practices are missing, particularly in Africa.</p> <p>In Malawi, we assessed butterfly abundance, species richness, species assemblages and community life-history traits on 24 paired woodland and smallholder-managed farmland sites located across a gradient of woodland cover within a 1 km radius. We tested whether habitat type (woodland vs. farmland) and woodland cover at the landscape scale interactively shaped butterfly communities. Farms varied in the implementation of agroecological pest and soil management practices and flowering plant species richness.</p> <p>Farmland had lower butterfly abundances and approximately half the species richness than woodland. Farmland butterfly communities had, on average, a larger wingspan than woodland site communities. Surprisingly, higher woodland cover in the landscape had no effect on butterfly abundance in both habitats. In contrast, species richness was higher with higher woodland cover. Butterfly species assemblages were distinct between wood- and farmland and shifted across the woodland cover gradient.</p> <p>Farmland butterfly abundance, but not species richness, was higher with higher flowering plant species richness on farms. Farms with a higher number of agroecological pest management practices had a lower abundance of the dominant butterfly species, but not of rarer species. However, a larger number of agroecological soil management practices was associated with a higher abundance of rarer species. </p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: We show that diversified agroecological soil practices and flowering plant richness enhanced butterfly abundance on farms. However, our results suggest that on-farm measures cannot compensate for the negative effects of continued woodland conversion. Therefore, we call for more active protection of remaining African woodlands in tandem with promoting agroecological soil management practices and on-farm flowering plant richness to conserve butterflies whilst benefiting smallholders.</p>
Pollinator interactions of native and introduced plants in smallholder tropical orchards across a gradient of anthropogenic landscapes
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Data from: Local and landscape scale woodland cover and diversification of agroecological practices shape butterfly communities in tropical smallholder landscapes
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Understanding smallholder decision-making to increase farm tree diversity: Enablers and barriers for forest landscape restoration in Western Kenya
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No evidence for trade-offs between bird diversity, yield and water table depth on oil palm smallholdings: implications for tropical peatland landscape restoration
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Data from: Bird responses to lowland rainforest conversion in Sumatran smallholder landscapes, Indonesia
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