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145 results for “social environment”
Social Innovations for Circularity in the Built Environment – a Scoping Review and Classification. Supplementary Data to the Bibliometric Review.
<p>To transition the built environment (BE) towards circularity, i.e., maximizing the time resources spend in the BE, thus minimizing negative environmental impacts of resource usage, social innovations (SI) – understood as new ways of doing, organizing, framing, and knowing – are just as important as technological advancements. This article provides an overview of the state of the knowledge regarding SI that contribute to circularity in the BE, and proposes a framework for coherently classifying such SI in terms of their main categories and effects.</p> <p>To identify and understand the current knowledge regarding social innovations (SI) that contribute to circularity in the built environment (BE), a bibliometric review of scientific literature is conducted. It shows that the term social innovation is not frequently used in this contexts although the buzzwords circularity and circular economy are themselves often framed as SI. To assess the characteristics and contribution of SI to circularity in the BE, a scoping review that includes grey literature into the context was conducted and a framework developed to classify predominant SI using concepts from transition studies as well as the systems thinking approach. The framework is designed to help assess the potential of SI and to identify research and/or action gaps. Key findings are (1) There is a broad diversity of SIs that contribute to circularity in the BE already in the focus of research, although they are not always identified as such; (2) Most SI focus on either the design or the demolition phase (i.e., market related phases), whereas user-centered SI are less frequently discussed; and (3) It is crucial to also consider potential sustainability goal conflicts in order to guide policies that address SI as a solution.</p> <p>These datasets are the basis to the bibliometric literature review.</p>
Sex roles in birds: influence of climate, life histories and social environment
<p>For detailed information concerning data collection please see Gonzalez-Voyer et al. Sex roles in birds: phylogenetic analyses of the influence of climate, life histories and social environment. Ecology Letters. Briefly, data on ecology, life histories and behaviour of birds were extracted from published literature. If several data were available for a given species, we included the ones that were extracted from breeding individuals or had larger sample sizes. The details regarding data processing are provided in the Supplementary Material of Gonzalez-Voyer et al. (accepted).</p>
Figure 2 in Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau
Figure 2. Tip-dating phylogeny of Machairodontinae. Biogeographic hypotheses (BioGeoBEARS implemented in RASP 4.2) are located at the nodes, with pie charts indicating the posterior probabilities of that node being present in a given geograpical region. The dispersal curves (for Machairodontini only, from M. aphanistus to Homotheriina) are located at the bottom of the figure. See the posterior probability of each node of the tip-dating phylogenetic analysis in the electronic supplementary material, appendix. The reconstruction of Homotherium serum from data in digimorph (http://www.digimorph.org/index.phtml). The photo of Machairodus aphanistus from Batallones comes from https://fossilhuntress.blogspot.com/2016/10/, the others are by the authors.
Figure 1 in Origin of adaptations to open environments and social behaviour in sabretoothed cats from the northeastern border of the Tibetan Plateau
Figure 1. (a) Cranium of Amphimachairodus hezhengensis sp. nov. HMV2041. a1, dorsal view; a2, anterior view; a3, ventral view; a4, postero-ventral view; a5, lateral view. (b) Geography of fossil locality. (c) Pathology of the MC2 and MC3 of Amphimachairodus sp. HMV2047 forepaw. (d) Large predator contemporary with A. hezhengensis in the Linxia Basin. d1, A. hezhengensis, HMV2041; d2, Dinocrocuta gigantea, HMV2044; d3, Agriotheriini ursid, HMV2046.
Implementing social network analysis to understand the socio-ecology of wildlife co-occurrence and joint interactions with humans in anthropogenic environments
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Data from: Age-dependent shaping of the social environment in a long-lived seabird – A quantitative genetic approach
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Effects of the maternal social environment on the mating signals and mate preferences of adult offspring in Enchenopa treehoppers
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Sex roles in birds: influence of climate, life histories and social environment
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Data from: Hidden space use behaviors of a nonbreeding migratory bird: The role of environment and social context
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Social environment and the evolution of delayed reproduction in birds
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Social environment influences the temporal dynamics of sneak-spawning in a fish with alternative reproductive tactics
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Foraging behaviour alters with social environment in a juvenile songbird
Early independence from parents is a critical period where social information acquired vertically may become outdated, or conflict with new information. However, across natural populations it is unclear if newly-independent young persist in using information from parents, or if group-level effects of conformity override previous behaviours. Here we test if wild juvenile hihi (<em>Notiomystis cincta</em>, a New Zealand passerine) retain a foraging behaviour from parents, or if they change in response to the behaviour of peers. We provided feeding stations to parents during chick-rearing to seed alternative access routes, and then tracked their offspring's behaviour. Once independent, juveniles formed mixed-treatment social groups, where they did not retain preferences that we detected when with parents. Instead, juvenile groups converged over time to use one access route per group, and juveniles that moved between groups switched to copy the locally-favoured option. Juvenile hihi did not copy specific individuals, even if they were more familiar with the preceding bird. Our study shows that early social experiences with parents affect initial foraging decisions, but social environments encountered later on can update transmission of arbitrary behaviours. This suggests that conformity may be widespread in animal groups, with potential cultural, ecological, and evolutionary consequences.
Increased sperm production linked to competition in the maternal social environment
<p>Maternal or early life effects may prepare offspring for similar social conditions to those experienced by their mothers. For males, the ability to achieve mating and fertilisation success is a key social challenge. Competitive conditions may therefore favour increased body size or ejaculate production in male offspring. We tested this experimentally by comparing reproductive traits of adult male bank voles (<i>Myodes glareolus</i>), whose mothers had experienced contrasting encounter regimes with female conspecifics while breeding. We found that daily sperm production rates and epididymis mass were significantly higher when dams had experienced more frequent encounters with female conspecifics. This response to maternal and early life experience was specific to sperm production and storage, with no evidence for effects on male body mass or the size of testes and accessory reproductive glands. Our findings reveal a potentially adaptive effect of maternal and early-life experience on the development of sperm production, which is worthy of wider investigation.</p>
Diet composition and social environment determine food consumption, phenotype and fitness in an omnivorous insect
Nutrition is the single most important factor for individual's growth and reproduction. Consequently, the inability to reach the nutritional optimum imposes severe consequences for animal fitness. Yet, under natural conditions organisms may face a mixture of stressors that can modulate the effects of nutritional asymmetry. For instance, stressful environments caused by intense interaction with conspecifics. Here, we subjected the house-cricket Acheta domesticus to i) either of two types of diet that have proven to affect cricket performance and ii) simultaneously manipulated their social environment throughout their complete lifecycle. We aimed to track sex-specific consequences for multiple traits during insect development throughout all life stages. Both factors affected critical life-history traits with potential population-level consequences: Diet composition induced strong effects on insect development time, lifespan and fitness, whilst the social environment affected the number of nymphs that completed development, food consumption and whole-body lipid content. Additionally, both factors interactively determined female body mass. Our results highlight that insects may acquire and invest resources in a different manner when subjected to an intense interaction with conspecifics or when isolated. Furthermore, while only diet composition affected individual reproductive output, the social environment would determine the number of reproductive females, thus indirectly influencing population performance.
Data from: Timing of egg-laying in relation to a female's social environment in European starlings
<p>It is widely assumed that female birds use non-photic supplemental cues, including social factors, to fine-tune timing of egg-laying to local conditions, but our knowledge of the nature of these social cues and how they operate remains limited. We analyzed the relationship between a female's social environment (nearest neighbor distances, residency, female -and- network familiarity, synchrony) and variation in timing of egg-laying in European starlings (<em>Sturnus vulgaris</em>) using individual, residual laying date (controlling for annual variation) and temperature-independent residual laying date (accounting for the effect of ambient temperature on laying date). Female social environment varied systematically with overall spatial distribution of nest-boxes (linear vs clumped boxes) but this was not associated with spatial variation in laying date or temperature-independent residual laying date. We found no evidence for any relationships between individual variation in social environment and individual, residual laying date and only weak evidence for any association with individual, temperature-independent residual laying date. The latter was associated with a) nearest neighbor distances in the linear habitat, with females nesting closer to neighbors laying earlier than predicted by temperature, but not in the two clumped habitats, and b) neighbor familiarity: females with an intermediate number of returning females (3/8) laid closest to the predicted date. Finally, despite the fact that synchrony was not associated with other social environment metrics, females with lower laying synchrony among neighbors laid earlier than predicted by temperature. This suggests that some components of the female-female social environment could act as supplemental cues for timing of egg-laying.</p>
Pelt biting as a practical indicator of social and environment stress in farmed red deer
<p>Data sets used in the analyses of paper title "Pelt biting as a practical indicator of social and environment stress in farmed red deer"</p>
Social environment influences termination of nomadic migration
<p>The final stage of migration, when animals terminate migratory movements and transition to a more sedentary state, remains the least understood phase of migration. Whereas migrants that return to the same locations each year may use mechanisms associated with locating a specific destination, migrants with low site fidelity, such as nomadic migrants, may rely on local environmental cues to determine when to cease migratory movements. Using an experiment with captive birds, we tested whether the presence of a conspecific influences the termination of migration, indicated by changes in behaviour and physiology, in a nomadic migrant (the pine siskin, <em>Spinus pinus</em>). We paired migratory birds with a non-migratory individual or left migratory and non-migratory individuals unpaired. Migratory paired birds had a significant decline in nocturnal activity immediately after pairing and activity levels remained lower two weeks later, with significant declines in energetic reserves and flight muscle size also observed. In contrast, migratory unpaired birds maintained high levels of activity and energetic reserves. These results provide evidence for a role of the social environment in migratory termination decisions. Social cues may be particularly useful in nomadic migrants, such as pine siskins, to facilitate settling in high quality, but unfamiliar, habitats.</p>
Volatile social environments can favour investments in quality over quantity of social relationships
<p>Cooperation does not occur in a vacuum: interactions develop over time in social groups that undergo demographic changes. Intuition suggests that stable social environments favour developing few but strong reciprocal relationships (a 'focused' strategy), while volatile social environments favour the opposite: more but weaker social relationships (a 'diversifying' strategy). We model reciprocal investments under a quality-quantity tradeoff for social relationships. We find that volatility, counterintuitively, can favour a focused strategy. This result becomes explicable through applying the theory of antagonistic pleiotropy, originally developed for senescence, to social life. Diversifying strategies show superior performance later in life, but with costs paid at young ages while the social network is slowly being built. Under volatile environments, many individuals die before reaching sufficiently old ages to reap the benefits. Social strategies that do well early in life are then favoured: a focused strategy leads individuals to form their first few social bonds quickly and to make strong use of existing bonds. Our model highlights the importance of pleiotropy and population age structure for the evolution of cooperative strategies and other social traits, and shows that it is not sufficient to reflect on the fate of survivors only, when evaluating the benefits of social strategies.</p>
Videos of nests of Harpagoxenus sublaevis and Leptothorax acervorum containing Leptothorax acervorum workers transferred as pupae into different social environments i.e. colonies
<p><strong>Ant collection and colony maintenance</strong></p> <p>Colonies of the hosts <em>Leptothorax acervorum</em> and <em>L. muscorum</em> and the dulotic ant <em>Harpagoxenus sublaevis</em> were collected in July 2020 close to Nuremberg, Germany (49.345592, 11.258971 and 49.413857, 11.026181). At the University of Mainz, ants were transferred to plastered nest boxes containing artificial nest sites consisting of a Plexiglas cavity sandwiched between two microscope slides (7.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 0.5 cm) covered with a red foil and kept at 18°C with a 12:12 light: dark cycle. Ants were fed with crickets and honey every fourth day and provided with water ad libitum.</p> <p><strong>Experimental manipulation</strong></p> <p>For our experiment, we selected ten colonies of <em>L. acervorum</em> and five colonies each of <em>L. muscorum</em> and <em>H. sublaevis</em>. Colonies were assigned to one of five replicates, each replicate containing one colony for each of the four treatments. We prepared experimental colonies by standardizing colony size to one queen, 15 small larvae and 30 adult workers (15 inside + 15 outside workers). Adult workers were marked with a thin metal wire between thorax and abdomen (0.02 mm diameter, Elektrisola, red) to allow distinguishing them from our focal newly emerged workers. We removed 24 pupae from each <em>L. acervorum</em> colony, of which six were returned to the natal colony (referred to as “original” treatment), and six each were transferred into another <em>L. acervorum</em> colony (“conspecific” treatment), into an <em>L. muscorum</em> colony (“heterospecific” treatment) and a colony of <em>H. sublaevis </em>(“parasitic” treatment). For the parasitic treatment, we standardized the number of host workers to 60 as described above, but additionally added all <em>H. sublaevis</em> ants (18.4 ± 13.56 adult female individuals). Workers of these obligate social parasites do not take over worker chores, such as brood care and foraging, which are outsourced to host workers. Unfortunately, worker pupae from two of our replicates did not develop into adult workers in sufficient numbers, so that we focused our transcriptomic analyses on workers from the remaining three replicates. Moreover, all<em> L. acervorum </em>pupae transferred into <em>L. muscorum</em> colonies (“heterospecific” treatment) were either killed or expelled from the colony or did not emerge into workers (Survival: Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.05; Rejection (pupae outside the nest over the first three days): Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.001, Wilcoxon Heterospecific-Parasitic p = 0.016, Wilcoxon Heterospecific-Conspecific p = 0.012, Wilcoxon Heterospecific-Original p = 0.004) indicating that <em>L. muscorum</em> not only recognise <em>L. acervorum </em>pupae, but also eliminate them from their colonies. While we were unable to include this heterospecific treatment thus in our analyses, the number of transferred individuals still alive at the end of the experiment did not differ between the remaining treatments (Kruskal-Wallis: p = 0.34). Rejection was calculated as the number of pupae outside the nest over the first three days.</p> <p><strong>Behavioural observations</strong></p> <p>About 10 weeks (63-69 days) after the emergence of the first worker, colonies were transferred to 22°C and the red foil from their glass nest was removed to allow workers to adapt to light. The next day, the slide nest was transferred to a fluon-treated arena (3 cm x 7.5 cm) and each colony was filmed for 100 min in 4k using a SONY FDR-AX33 camera under a Leica KL1500 LED light.</p>
Data and code for: Social phenotype-dependent selection of social environment in wild great and blue tits: An experimental study
<p>There is growing evidence that individuals actively assess the match between their phenotype and their environment when making habitat choice decisions (so-called matching habitat choice). However, to our knowledge, no studies have considered how the social environment may interact with social phenotype in determining habitat choice, despite habitat choice being an inherently social process and growing evidence for individual variation in sociability. We conducted an experiment using wild great and blue tits to understand how birds integrate their social phenotype and social environment when choosing where and how to feed. We used programmable feeders to (i) record social interactions and estimate social phenotype and (ii) experimentally manipulate the local density experienced by birds of differing social phenotype. By tracking feeder usage, we estimated how social environment and social phenotype predicted feeder choice and feeding behaviour. Both social environment and social phenotype predicted feeder usage, but a bird's decision to remain in a particular social environment did not depend on their social phenotype. In contrast, for feeding behaviour, responses to the social environment depended on social phenotype. Our results provide rare evidence of matching habitat choice and shed light on the dependence of habitat choice on between-individual differences in social phenotype.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.