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35 results for “social polymorphism”
Intersexual social dominance mimicry drives female hummingbird polymorphism DATA_CODE
<p>Contains all relevant data and code for analyses and figures used in "Intersexual social dominance mimicry drives female hummingbird polymorphism" by Jay J. Falk, Dustin R. Rubenstein, Alejandro Rico-Guevara, Michael S. Webster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2022. </p>
Phenotypic architecture of sociality and its associated genetic polymorphisms in zebrafish
<p>Sociality is often seen as a single phenotypic trait, but it relies on motivational and cognitive components implemented by specific causal mechanisms. Hence, these components may have evolved independently, or may have been linked by phenotypic correlations driven by a shared selective pressure for increased social competence. Furthermore, these components may be domain-specific or of general domain across social and non-social contexts. Here we have characterized the phenotypic architecture of sociality in zebrafish, which has been increasingly used as a model organism in social neuroscience. For this purpose, we have behaviorally phenotyped zebrafish from different wild type lines in four tests: social tendency, social and non-social recognition, and open-field test. Our results indicate that: (1) sociality has two main components that are independent from each other (social tendency and social recognition), hence not supporting the occurrence of a sociality syndrome; (2) both social traits are phenotypically linked to non-social traits (non-social exploration and non-social memory, respectively), forming two general behavioral modules, general inspection and general recognition, and suggesting that sociality traits have been co-opted from general-domain motivational and cognitive traits. Moreover, the study of the association between genetic polymorphisms (i.e. single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) and each behavioral module further supports this view, since several SNPs from a list of candidate "social" genes, are statistically associated with the general inspection (motivational), but not with a general recognition (cognitive), behavioral module. The SNPs associated with general inspection are widespread across different chromosomes and include neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and synaptic plasticity genes, suggesting that this behavioral module is regulated by multiple genes, each of them with small effects. Together, these results support the occurrence of general domain motivational and cognitive behavioral modules in zebrafish, which have been co-opted for the social domain.</p>
Phenotypic architecture of sociality and its associated genetic polymorphisms in zebrafish
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Data from: A socially polymorphic Formica ant species exhibits a novel distribution of social supergene genotypes
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Data from: Bidirectional shifts in colony queen number in a socially polymorphic ant population
The breeding system of social organisms affects many important aspects of social life. Some species vary greatly in the number of breeders per group, but the mechanisms and selective pressures contributing to the maintenance of this polymorphism in social structure remain poorly understood. Here, we take advantage of a genetic dataset that spans 15 years to investigate the dynamics of colony queen number within a socially polymorphic ant species. Our study population of Formica selysi has single- and multiple-queen colonies. We found that the social structure of this species is somewhat flexible: on average, each year 3.2% of the single-queen colonies became polygynous, and conversely 1.4% of the multiple-queen colonies became monogynous. The annualized queen replacement rates were 10.3 and 11.9% for single- and multiple-queen colonies, respectively. New queens were often but not always related to previous colony members. At the population level, the social polymorphism appeared stable. There was no genetic differentiation between single- and multiple-queen colonies at eight microsatellite loci, suggesting ongoing gene flow between social forms. Overall, the regular and bidirectional changes in queen number indicate that social structure is a labile trait in F. selysi, with neither form being favoured within a time-frame of 15 years.
Data from: Queen-worker ratio affects reproductive skew in a socially polymorphic ant
The partitioning of reproduction among individuals in communally breeding animals varies greatly among species, from the monopolization of reproduction (high reproductive skew) to similar contribution to the offspring in others (low skew). Reproductive skew models explain how relatedness or ecological constraints affect the magnitude of reproductive skew. They typically assume that individuals are capable of flexibly reacting to social and environmental changes. Most models predict a decrease of skew when benefits of staying in the group are reduced. In the ant Leptothorax acervorum, queens in colonies from marginal habitats form dominance hierarchies and only the top-ranking queen lays eggs ("functional monogyny"). In contrast, queens in colonies from extended coniferous forests throughout the Palaearctic rarely interact aggressively and all lay eggs ("polygyny"). An experimental increase of queen:worker ratios in colonies from low-skew populations elicits queen–queen aggression similar to that in functionally monogynous populations. Here, we show that this manipulation also results in increased reproductive inequalities among queens. Queens from natural overwintering colonies differed in the number of developing oocytes in their ovaries. These differences were greatly augmented in queens from colonies with increased queen:worker ratios relative to colonies with a low queen:worker ratio. As assumed by models of reproductive skew, L. acervorum colonies thus appear to be capable of flexibly adjusting reproductive skew to social conditions, yet in the opposite way than predicted by most models.
FIGURES 14A–C. Anelosimus nelsoni n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 14A–C. Anelosimus nelsoni n. sp. A, male pedipalpus, ventral (C conductor, E embolus, EB 'embolic division b', MA median apophysis, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis); B, epigynum, ventral; C, epigynum cleared, dorsal (CD copulatory ducts, FD fertilization ducts, S spermathecae), line sketch above shows trajectory of the copulatory ducts to the spermathecae. Scale bars (left for pedipalpus, right for epigyna): 100 m.
FIGURES 2A–E in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 2A–E. Photographs of webs of A. kohi. A–C, colonies of different sizes; A, web containing female with large juveniles; B, female with small juveniles; C, female with egg sac. D–E, female guarding egg sac. The leaves are taken from a small web the female typically attaches two leafs (D) to form a retreat, one or both leafs may also be folded (E). Inside the retreat the spider guards the egg sac surrounded by a thin silk envelope (E).
FIGURES 3A–I. Anelosimus kohi, color polymorphism. A in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 3A–I. Anelosimus kohi, color polymorphism. A, female, dark morph from Singapore; B, female, dark morph from Malaysia; C, male, dark morph from Singapore; D, male light morph from Malaysia; E–G, female with egg sac, light morph from Malaysia, note how egg sac is clasped with the cheliceral fangs and palpal claws; H, female with egg sac, light morph from Singapore; I, female unusual pale morph from Singapore.
FIGURES 6A–F. Anelosimus biglebowski n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 6A–F. Anelosimus biglebowski n. sp., male pedipalpus (C conductor, E embolus, MA median apophysis, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis). A, prolateral; B, prolateralventral; C, ventral; D, retrolateral; E, details of C and TTA, prolateral; F, clasp of distal sclerites, ventral. Scale bars: A–D, 100 m, E–F, 20 m.
FIGURES 10A–F. A–C, A. monskenyensis n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 10A–F. A–C, A. monskenyensis n. sp. A, pedipalpus, ventral (C conductor, E embolus, MA median apophysis, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis). B, epigynum ventral; C, epigynum cleared, dorsal (FD fertilization ducts, S spermathecae). D–F, A. sulawesi n. sp. D, pedipalpus, ventral; E, epigynum ventral; F, epigynum cleared, dorsal (CD copulatory duct). Scale bars (upper for pedipalpi, lower for epigyna): 100 m.
FIGURES 13A–G. Anelosimus kohi Yoshida, 1993. A in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 13A–G. Anelosimus kohi Yoshida, 1993. A, epigynum, ventral; B, epiandrous gland fusules; C, female prosoma, dorsal; D, female posterior lateral and posterior median spinnerets, left side (AC aciniform spigots, AG aggregate spigots, CY cylindrical spigots, FL flagelliform spigots; mAP minor ampullate spigots); E, female anterior lateral spinnerets and colular area (arrow), uniquely in A. kohi no colular setae are present. F, male stridulatory pick row; G, female pedipalpal claw, lateral. Scale bars: C, E, 100 m; A–B, 50 m; D, F–G, 10 m.
FIGURES 12A–F. Anelosimus kohi Yoshida, 1993 in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 12A–F. Anelosimus kohi Yoshida, 1993, male pedipalpus (C conductor, dh distal haematodocha, E embolus, MA median apophysis, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis). A, prolateral; B, ventral, note size of tibia compared to the pedipalpal bulb; C, retrolateral; D, details of sclerites, prolateralventral; E, details or bulb, ventral; F, details of bulb, retrolateralventral. Scale bars: A–E, 100 m; F, 50 m.
FIGURES 18A–E. A–B, A. agnar n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 18A–E. A–B, A. agnar n. sp. A, epigynum, ventral; B, epigynum cleared, dorsal. C–D, A. linda n. sp. C, epigynum, ventral; D, epigynum cleared, dorsal (CD copulatory ducts, FD fertilization ducts, S spermathecae). E, Anelosimus dude n. sp., female opisthosoma ventral, showing setae around the pedicel and the transparency of the cuticle anterior to the epigynum. Scale bar for epigyna: 100 mm.
FIGURES 5A–F. A–C, Anelosimus biglebowski n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 5A–F. A–C, Anelosimus biglebowski n.sp. A, male pedipalpus, ventral (C conductor, E embolus, MA median apophysis, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis); B, epigynum ventral, C, epigynum cleared, dorsal (CD copulatory duct, FD fertilization duct, S spermathecae). D–F, A. dude n. sp. D, male pedipalpus, ventral; E, epigynum ventral, F, epigynum cleared, dorsal. Scale bars (upper for pedipalpi, lower for epigyna): 100 m.
FIGURES 11A–H. Anelosimus kohi Yoshida, 1993. A–B in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 11A–H. Anelosimus kohi Yoshida, 1993. A–B, pedipalpus of light color morph (C conductor, E embolus, MA median apophysis, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis). A, ventral; B, prolateral. C–D, pedipalpus of dark color morph; C, ventral; D, prolateral. E–F, epigynum of light color morph; E, ventral; F, cleared, dorsal. G–H, epigynum of dark color morph; G, ventral; H, cleared, dorsal (CD copulatory ducts, FD fertilization ducts, S spermathecae). Scale bars (left for pedipalpi, right for epigyna): 100 m.
FIGURES 16A–G. Anelosimus nelsoni n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 16A–G. Anelosimus nelsoni n. sp. A, epigynum, ventral; B, same, caudal; C, epiandrous gland fusules; D, female stridulatory pick row; E, male opisthosoma, pedicel area, ventral; F, male stridulatory pick row, left side; G, female left spinning field (ALS anterior lateral spinneret, PLS posterior lateral spinneret, PMS posterior median spinneret). Scale bars: A–B, D–E, G, 100 m; C, F, 10 m.
FIGURES 17A–F. Anelosimus nelsoni n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 17A–F. Anelosimus nelsoni n. sp. A, female prosoma, dorsal; B, same, lateral; C, male sternum, ventral; D, male tarsus I tip, lateral; E, female pedipalpal tibia, dorsal, with four trichobothria (the other pedipalpal tibia of the same animal had only three); F, female opisthosoma surface, near center laterally. Scale bars: A–C, F, 100 m; E, 50 m; D, 10 m.
FIGURES 15A–F. Anelosimus nelsoni n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 15A–F. Anelosimus nelsoni n.sp., male pedipalpus, slightly expanded (C conductor, E embolus, Eb 'embolic division b', MA median apophysis, SC subconductor, ST subtegulum, T tegulum, TTA theridiid tegular apophysis). A, prolateral; B, prolateralventral; C, ventral; D, retrolateralventral; E, retrolateral; F, details of pedipalpus, retrolateral, showing basal cymbial hood (arrow), the sawtoothed edge may be a basal part of the TTA. Scale bars: A–E, 100 m; F, 50
FIGURES 9A–G. Anelosimus dude n in New species of Anelosimus (Araneae: Theridiidae) from Africa and Southeast Asia, with notes on sociality and color polymorphism
FIGURES 9A–G. Anelosimus dude n. sp. A, epigynum, ventral; B, epiandrous gland fusules; C, female prosoma, dorsal; D, female stridulatory pick row; E, male left stridulatory pick row; F, male first leg; G, female left spinning field (ALS anterior lateral spinneret, PLS posterior lateral spinneret, PMS posterior median spinneret). Scale bars: C–D, F, 100 m; A, 50 m; B, 50 m; G, 20 m; E, 10 m.
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