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43 results for “soil amendments”
Foliar and Soil Chemistry at Harvard Forest Chronic Nitrogen Amendment Experiment 1995-2009
The aim of the chronic N study at Harvard Forest is to increase our understanding of ecosystem nitrogen dynamics in response to elevated nitrogen inputs. In recent, nitrogen deposition in the Northeastern United States has been 10 to 20 times above historic background levels which could possibly saturate the retention capacity of a forest ecosystem. Long-term elevated N deposition typically leads to an increase in the concentration of total foliar N, with or without similar changes in the important base elements such as Ca, Mg and K. This increase in leaf N content also leads to significant shifts in the internal partitioning of N within the leaf. For example, in conifers, N deposition has been shown to significantly increase leaf N present in the form of free amino acids such as arginine. Little is known about N partitioning for hardwoods under these conditions. These changes in N partitioning are possibly connected to leaf function. The present study was conducted to experimentally test whether the alterations in N partitioning do occur due to long-term N deposition and if so do they have a positive or a negative effect on photosynthetic capacity and biomass production. A possible decoupling of the relationship between foliar N and photosynthetic rate may occurs under these conditions. The treatment plots used in this study are part of the Chronic Nitrogen Amendment Study at the Harvard Forest LTER site (42.5°N, 72°W). The site has a temperate climate with monthly temperatures ranging from -7°C in January to 20°C in July. Average annual precipitation is 110 cm (http://harvardforest.fas.harvard.edu). The site averages approximately 8 kg ha-1 year-1 of total N deposition. As reported earlier, the land-use history of the pine and hardwood stands used in this study is very different. Two adjacent stands were chosen for the study: an even-aged red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) stand and a 50-year-old mixed hardwood stand that had regenerated naturally after clearcutting i
Influence of soil amendment and crop species on nutrient cycling in a St. Paul urban garden, 2017-2023
An experiment was conducted from 2017-2023 at the University of St. Thomas research garden (Saint Paul, MN) to determine rates of nutrient recycling and loss from compost applied to urban gardens. Thirty-two 4 m2 study plots received one of six different soil amendment treatments, with four different crops growing on each plot. Meteorological data includes hourly measurements of rainfall, solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity, and wind speed and direction, from June 2017-October 2023. Hourly soil moisture measurements were recorded at depths of 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm, from June-December 2021, June-October 2022, and June-October 2023. Annual crop harvest totals from each subplot are reported for 2017-2023. Leachate was collected from lysimeters installed in each of the 132 subplots weekly from June-October of each year (2017-2023), recording total volume. Leachate subsamples were analyzed for NO3-N, NH4-N, and PO4-P. Soil samples were collected at the beginning and end of the growing season in 2017, and every two weeks during the growing season from 2018-2023, and analyzed for pH, organic matter, Bray-1 extractable P, available K, nitrate, and ammonium, at the University of Minnesota Analytical Research Laboratory.
Flume Erosion Testing Data of Root-Permeated and Organic Matter Amended Soil Samples Using Three Streambank Boundary Conditions.
The data published here is expected to accompany one publicly available dissertation (Chapter 6 of dissertation) and one separate journal publication. Once published and available online, the metadata will be updated with the relevant article information. The journal article/dissertation will have additional information regarding the published datasets and the methods used to collect the data. All data collected from these studies, and the accompanying Acoustic Doppler Profiler MATLAB files, are presented here. Journal Article title: Artificial Roots and Soil Microorganisms Increase Soil Resistance to Fluvial Erosion
Microbial and soil moisture impacts of compost amendments and rainfall pulses in a degraded dryland soil, Arizona, 2021-2023
Compost, an organic soil amendment, has been proposed to increase soil carbon storage and water-holding capacity in drylands, and this management strategy may be particularly impactful in degraded drylands with low soil organic content. Compost additions and rainfall variability may interact to affect soil moisture, which is an important catalyst for soil microbial activity. This dataset is from a study that investigated how variable compost application amounts and simulated rainfall pulses affect soil moisture, microbial activity, and carbon content in a laboratory incubation study. Soils were amended with different amounts of compost (0, 0.35, and 0.70 g cm -2) and water pulses (5, 10, and 15 mm) in a full-factorial design. Each treatment received the same cumulative amount of water throughout the incubation, but pulses occurred at different frequencies (every 5, 10, and 15 days). Soil moisture content and microbial respiration were measured daily. Soil carbon content was measured at the end of the experiment.
Data from: Shift of bacterial and fungal communities upon soil amelioration is driven by carbon degradability of organic amendments
<p>Microbial communities of bacteria and fungi have been analyzed in soil. Agricultural soil was amended with different organic amendments including straw, compost, biogas residues, and biochar, and incubated in the lab. After 6 months, DNA extracted from soil samples was analyzed via Illumia MiSeq DNA sequencing (16S V3V4 for bacteria, ITS1 for fungi) to evaluate changes to the microbial community structure.</p> <p>For details, please see the respective publication (DOI: 10.1007/s44378-024-00012-5).</p>
Flume Erosion Testing of Unamended and Organic Matter Amended Soil Samples Using an Acoustic Doppler Profiler, 2021
This data accompanies a publication titled "Soil Amended with Organic Matter Increases Fluvial Erosion Resistance of Cohesive Streambank Soil". Briefly, fluvial erosion testing was conducted on soil samples using an indoor flume channel. Soil samples were previously collected from the riparian zone of a river near Virginia Tech's campus in Blacksburg, VA, USA. The soil was subsequently air-dried and stored until use. Prior to erosion testing, soil samples were amended with varying amounts of organic matter (0%, 1%, and 4% OM by mass), compacted to a bulk density of 0.95 KilogramsPerCubicCentiMeters in growth containers, and allowed to mature in a greenhouse setting for 50 days prior to flume erosion testing. An Acoustic Doppler Profiler (ADP) was used to measure soil erosion and collect three-dimensional velocity data during erosion tests; raw velocity and soil depth data for each sample tested were stored in MATLAB files. Follow testing, the soil remaining from each sample was collected, stored, and analyzed for aggregate stability, soil organic matter (SOM), and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Additionally, soil temperature, water temperature, and volumetric water content were also measured prior to or during erosion testing. Data collected from this study, and the accompanying ADP MATLAB files, are presented here.
Compost Amendments up to One Inch Restore Dry Rangeland Soil Health and Plant Productivity in New Mexico, 2020-2022
Dry rangelands are important systems for coproducing food and other ecosystem services, but degradation of productivity, diversity, and water holding capacity may require active intervention to restore. Use of compost amendments on grasslands has been shown to improve many outcomes related to carbon, water, and nutrients unless excessive amounts are used, but practitioners lack guidance of optimal and cost-effective use to meet their management goals. We compared compost additions from 0-2.54 cm at two ranches in New Mexico and measured plant composition and biomass, soil characteristics such as bulk density, infiltration rate, aggregate stability, and total carbon content under baseline conditions and one- and two years after addition.
Respiration, isotope composition, and carbon source partitioning from incubations of soil amended with litter and isotope-labeled lignin
We incubated 10 forest soils (collected from sites across North America, including the Luquillo LTER/CZO) in the laboratory for over two years to quantify the decomposition of carbon derived from added litter and lignin, as well as from extant soil organic matter. Each soil was subjected to two substrate addition treatments: a) litter derived from a C4 grass precipitated with 13C-enriched lignin, or the same C4 grass litter was precipitated with natural-abundance lignin. The concentrations and delta13C composition of carbon dioxide produced from each soil were measured periodically over time and partitioned into sources (soil organic matter, litter, and added lignin) using isotope mixing models. The methods and results are described in detail by a manuscript in Ecology (Hall et al., 2020).
Effects of microarthropod exclusion and water amendments on fluffgrass rhizosphere total soil nitrogen at the Jornada Basin, 1986-1987
This data package contains data on soil nitrogen content in the rhizosphere of fluff grass (Dasyochloa pulchella) plants collected from 1986-1987 at the Jornada Basin LTER site. The purpose of this study was to test how watering, and changing densities of soil microarthropods and nematodes, results in changes in fluff grass rhizosphere total nitrogen. Twenty 6 x 6 m plots were established with a 3 m buffer between plots. Five plots were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) Chlordane to exclude microarthropods, 2) Chlordane and water, 3) Water, and 4) Control. Every three months from June 1986 to January 1987, randomly selected fluff grass plants were harvested from each plot and rhizosphere soil samples were collected for total nitrogen digestion analysis. This data set consists of sampling date, treatment, subsample number, and total nitrogen (mg/kg). This study was completed in January 1987.
Unpublished data: Quantifying CO2 Emissions and Carbon Sequestration from Digestate-Amended Soil Using Natural 13C Abundance as a Tracer
<p>Unprocessed data of CO2 evolution measured daily on cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyser (G2201-i CRDS isotopic CO2/CH4 analyser, Picarro, Santa Clara, CA, USA).</p>
Effects of powdered cactus pear pruning amendment on the physical and hydraulic properties of two contrasting Mediterranean soils
<p>Full database.</p> <p>A production and consumption paradigm known as "circular economy" (CE) emphasizes sharing, renting, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and, in particular, recycling materials as much as feasible. Traditional agriculture relied totally on the CE, progressively the search for maximization of yields has produced more and more by-products. Their recovery and reuse are possible with approaches that refer to the CE, for example, with the use of pruning biomasses. The cultivation of the cactus pear annually produces large quantities of pruning residues, which have been shown to be useful for the recovery and reuse of nutrients. This study investigates the hydraulic properties of benchmark soils in which this by-product is incorporated. Here we show that the amendment with powdered cactus pear pruning waste (PCPPW) positively affects soil water retention. However, observable benefits require very high amendment proportions, more than 20% by volume. These quantities make use in the open field unrealistic but offer perspectives in the horticultural and floricultural sectors. These results reveal agreement in direct comparison to what was thought to be the case previously, i.e., a decrease in soil bulk density, an increase in plant available water capacity and an increase in soil swelling. A few per cent application of PCPPW improves the drainable water capacity only in the case of not very clayey soils, where their use becomes useless. The principles of the CE are important, but they must not be pursued a priori. For example, in the use of soil amendments, the behavior in the different soils conditions the suitability of their use.</p>
Data from: Soil chemical variation along a four-decade time-series of reclaimed water amendments in northern Idaho forests
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Supplementing enhanced weathering with organic amendments accelerates the net climate benefit in rangeland soils
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Impact of cellulose-rich organic soil amendments on growth dynamics and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani
<p>Cellulose-rich amendments stimulate saprotrophic fungi in arable soils. This may increase competitive and antagonistic interactions with root-infecting pathogenic fungi, resulting in lower disease incidence. However, cellulose-rich amendments may also stimulate pathogenic fungi with saprotrophic abilities, thereby increasing plant disease severity. The current study explores these scenarios, with a focus on the pathogenic fungus <i>Rhizoctonia solani</i>. Saprotrophic growth of <i>R. solani</i> on cellulose-rich materials was tested in vitro. This confirmed paper pulp as a highly suitable substrate for <i>R. solani</i>, whereas its performance on wood sawdusts varied with tree species. In two pot experiments, the effects of amendment of <i>R. solani</i>-infected soil with cellulose-rich materials on performance of beetroot seedlings were tested. All deciduous sawdusts and paper pulp stimulated soil fungal biomass, but only oak, elder and beech sawdusts reduced damping-off of beetroot. Oak sawdust amendment gave a consistent stimulation of saprotrophic Sordariomycetes fungi and of seedling performance, independently of the time between amendment and sowing. In contrast, paper pulp caused a short-term increase in <i>R. solani</i> abundance, coinciding with increased disease severity for beet seedlings sown immediately after amendment. However, damping-off of beetroot was reduced if plants were sown two or four weeks after paper pulp amendment. Cellulolytic bacteria, including <i>Cytophagaceae</i>, responded to paper pulp during the first two weeks and may have counteracted further spread of <i>R. solani</i>. The results showed that fungus-stimulating, cellulose-rich amendments have potential to be used for suppression of <i>R. solani</i>. However, such amendments require a careful consideration of material choice and application strategy.</p>
Phosphorus release from intact soil monoliths of manure amended fields under simulated snowmelt flooding
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Anaerobic conditions developed in soils with flooding can enhance the release of soil phosphorus (P) to overlying water, but little information is available for soils with a long history of manure application. We examined the P release from manure-amended soils under simulated snowmelt flooding. Intact monoliths from manured (solid-swine, SSM or liquid swine, LSM) and unamended (control) field plots were collected from Carman, Manitoba. Monoliths were frozen for seven days, then thawed, flooded and incubated at +4±1 °C. Redox potential, pH, and concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP), Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn in pore water and floodwater were determined weekly up to 56 days after flooding (DAF), and then at 84 DAF. Redox potential decreased with DAF with a greater, and more rapid, decrease in SSM (from initial value of ~300 mV to < 0 mV by 84 DAF) compared to LSM and control (~100 mV by 84 DAF). Pore water and floodwater DRP concentrations were significantly greater in manured treatments than the control at all DAFs, and in SSM than LSM for most DAFs. While floodwater DRP concentrations remained relatively stable in the control treatment, concentrations in manured treatments increased substantially from the onset of flooding to 35-42 DAF (3-4-fold increase) and remained relatively stable thereafter. Significantly greater P release from SSM- than LSM-treated monoliths was due to greater input of P, as well as the higher organic matter content in SSM treated soils. These favored the rapid development of anaerobic conditions that further induced P release.</p>
Soil amendment with biochar and manure alters wood stake decomposition and fungal community composition
<p><span>Biochar and manure can be used for </span>sustainable land management<span>. However, little is known about how soil amendments might affect surface- and below-ground microbial processes and subsequent wood decomposition</span>. In a split-split-split plot design, we amended soil with two rates of manure (whole plot; 0 and 9 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) and biochar (split-plot; 0 and 10 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>). <span>Wood stakes of three species (hybrid poplar, triploid<em> Populus tomentosa</em> Carr.; aspen, <em>Populus tremuloides</em> Michx.; and pine, <em>Pinus taeda</em> L.) were placed in two positions (horizontally on the soil surface, and inserted vertically in the mineral soil), which served as </span>a substrate for fungal growth<span>. In 3 years, the decomposition rate (mass loss), moisture content, and fungal community (via high-throughput sequencing methods) of stakes were evaluated. Results indicated</span> that <span>biochar and/or manure increased the wood stake decomposition rates, moisture content, and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance. However, the richness and diversity of fungi </span>were<span> dependent on wood stake position (surface > mineral), species (pine > the two <em>Populus</em>), and sample dates. This study highlights that soil amendment with biochar and/or manure can alter the fungal community, which in turn can enhance an important soil process (i.e., decomposition). </span></p>
Synergism between production and soil health through crop diversification, organic amendments and crop protection in wheat-based systems
<ol> <li class="MsoNormal"><span>One of the critical challenges in agriculture is enhancing yield without compromising its foundation, a healthy environment, and, particularly, soils. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify management practices that simultaneously support soil health and production and help achieve environmentally sound production systems.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span>To investigate how management influences production and soil health under realistic agronomic conditions, we conducted an on-farm study involving 60 wheat fields managed conventionally, under no-till, or organically. We assessed 68 variables defining management, production, and soil health properties. We examined how management systems and individual practices describing crop diversification, fertiliser inputs, agrochemical use, and soil disturbance influenced production – quantity and quality – and soil health focusing on aspects ranging from soil organic matter over soil structure to microbial abundance and diversity.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span>Our on-farm comparison showed marked differences between soil health and production in the current system: organic management resulted in the best overall soil health (+ 47%) but the most significant yield gap (- 34%) compared to conventional management. No-till systems were generally intermediate, exhibiting a smaller yield gap (- 17%) and only a marginally improved level of soil health (+ 5%) compared to conventional management. Yet, the overlap between management systems in production and soil health properties was considerably large.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span>Our results further highlight the importance of soil health for productivity by revealing positive associations between crop yield and soil health properties, particularly under conventional management, whereas factors such as weed pressure were more dominant in organic systems.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span>None of the three systems showed advantages in supporting production-soil health-based multifunctionality. In contrast, a cross-system analysis suggests that multifunctional agroecosystems could be achieved through a combination of crop diversification and organic amendments with effective crop protection.</span></li> <li class="MsoNormal"><span><em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Our on-farm study implies that current trade-offs in managing production and soil health could be overcome through more balanced systems incorporating conventional and alternative approaches. Such multifunctionality supporting systems could unlock synergies between vital ecosystem services and help achieve productive yet environmentally sound agriculture supported by healthy soils.</span></li> </ol>
Synergism between production and soil health through crop diversification, organic amendments and crop protection in wheat-based systems
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The hidden potential of saprotrophic fungi in arable soil: Patterns of short-term stimulation by organic amendments
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Phosphorus release from intact soil monoliths of manure amended fields under simulated snowmelt flooding
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